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(* ASCEND modelling environment |
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Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Carnegie Mellon University |
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|
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This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
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it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by |
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) |
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any later version. |
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|
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, |
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of |
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the |
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GNU General Public License for more details. |
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|
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License |
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along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. |
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*)(* |
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A number of Rankine-cycle (steam turbine power cycle) models of increasing |
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complexity, following the general development of Moran & Shapiro, Çengel, |
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and others. |
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|
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Author: John Pye |
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*) |
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|
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REQUIRE "atoms.a4l"; |
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REQUIRE "johnpye/thermo_types.a4c"; |
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|
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IMPORT "johnpye/fprops/fprops"; |
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|
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(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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BACKGROUND STUFF |
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*) |
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|
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MODEL fluid; |
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component IS_A symbol_constant; |
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type IS_A symbol_constant; |
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END fluid; |
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|
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(* |
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Thermo properties -- IAPWS-IF97 |
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*) |
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MODEL stream_state; |
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cd IS_A fluid; |
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p IS_A pressure; |
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h IS_A specific_enthalpy; |
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|
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T IS_A temperature; |
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v IS_A specific_volume; |
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s IS_A specific_entropy; |
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x IS_A fraction; |
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|
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calc_vT: fprops_phsx_vT( |
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v, T : INPUT; |
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p, h, s, x : OUTPUT; |
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cd : DATA |
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); |
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calc_ph: fprops_Tvsx_ph( |
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p, h : INPUT; |
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T, v, s, x : OUTPUT; |
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cd : DATA |
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); |
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METHODS |
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METHOD default; |
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p := 10{bar}; |
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p.nominal := 42 {bar}; |
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IF cd.component == 'water' THEN |
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h := 2000 {kJ/kg}; |
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ELSE |
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IF cd.component == 'carbondioxide' THEN |
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h := 350 {kJ/kg}; |
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ELSE |
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h := 351 {kJ/kg}; |
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END IF; |
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END IF; |
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|
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T := 400 {K}; |
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v.nominal := 10 {L/kg}; |
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s := 4 {kJ/kg/K}; |
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x := 0.8; |
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|
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RUN enable_ph; |
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END default; |
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METHOD default_self; |
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RUN default; |
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END default_self; |
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METHOD enable_vT; |
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FOR i IN [1..4] DO |
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calc_ph[i].included := FALSE; |
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calc_vT[i].included := TRUE; |
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END FOR; |
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END enable_vT; |
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METHOD enable_ph; |
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FOR i IN [1..4] DO |
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calc_ph[i].included := TRUE; |
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calc_vT[i].included := FALSE; |
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END FOR; |
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END enable_ph; |
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METHOD solve; |
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EXTERNAL do_solve(SELF); |
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END solve; |
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END stream_state; |
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|
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MODEL stream_state_test REFINES stream_state; |
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cd.component :== 'water'; |
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cd.type :== 'helmholtz'; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_all; |
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FIX p, h; |
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p := 10 {bar}; |
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h := 2000 {kJ/kg}; |
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SOLVER QRSlv; |
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OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
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SOLVE; |
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ASSERT abs(T - 453.03 {K}) < 0.01 {K}; |
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ASSERT abs(v - 0.119808 {m^3/kg}) < 0.0001 {m^3/kg}; |
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ASSERT abs(x - 0.6142) < 0.0001; |
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ASSERT abs(s - 4.8696 {kJ/kg/K}) < 0.0001 {kJ/kg/K}; |
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END on_load; |
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END stream_state_test; |
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|
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|
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MODEL stream_state_test_co2 REFINES stream_state; |
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cd.component :== 'carbondioxide'; |
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cd.type :== 'helmholtz'; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_all; |
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h := 350 {kJ/kg}; |
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FIX p, x; |
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p := 6 {bar}; |
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x := 1e-6; |
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SOLVER QRSlv; |
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OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
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END on_load; |
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END stream_state_test_co2; |
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|
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|
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MODEL stream_state_test_toluene REFINES stream_state; |
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cd.component :== 'toluene'; |
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cd.type :== 'helmholtz'; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_all; |
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FIX p, x; |
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p := 8 {kPa}; |
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x := 1e-6; |
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SOLVER QRSlv; |
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OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
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END on_load; |
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END stream_state_test_toluene; |
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|
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|
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(* a simple connector that includes calculation of steam properties *) |
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MODEL stream_node; |
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state IS_A stream_state; |
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cd ALIASES state.cd; |
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p ALIASES state.p; |
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h ALIASES state.h; |
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v ALIASES state.v; |
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T ALIASES state.T; |
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s ALIASES state.s; |
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x ALIASES state.x; |
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mdot "param: mass flowrate" IS_A mass_rate; |
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METHODS |
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|
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METHOD default_self; |
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RUN state.default_self; |
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RUN default; |
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END default_self; |
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|
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METHOD default; |
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mdot.nominal := 2 {kg/s}; |
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END default; |
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METHOD solve; |
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EXTERNAL do_solve(SELF); |
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END solve; |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_all; RUN reset; RUN values; |
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FIX p,h; |
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END on_load; |
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END stream_node; |
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|
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MODEL stream_equipment; |
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|
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outlet "out: outlet stream" IS_A stream_node; |
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inlet "in: inlet stream" IS_A stream_node; |
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inlet.cd, outlet.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
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inlet.mdot, outlet.mdot ARE_THE_SAME; |
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cd ALIASES inlet.cd; |
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mdot ALIASES inlet.mdot; |
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END stream_equipment; |
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|
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(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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PUMP COMPONENT |
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*) |
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|
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MODEL pump_simple REFINES stream_equipment; |
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NOTES |
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'block' SELF {Simple model of a compressor using isentropic efficiency} |
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'icon' SELF {Pump} |
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'graphic' SELF {0,0-0,10-10,6-10,4-0,0 |
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1,0.4-1,9.6 |
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9,3.6-9,6.4 } |
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'port_in' SELF {inlet:0,5} |
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'port_out' SELF {outlet:10,5} |
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END NOTES; |
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|
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dp "param: it is in fixed state = 20{atm}" IS_A delta_pressure; |
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|
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inlet.p + dp = outlet.p; |
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|
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outlet_is IS_A stream_state; |
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outlet_is.p, outlet.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
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outlet_is.cd, outlet.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
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outlet_is.s, inlet.s ARE_THE_SAME; |
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eta "param: efficiency of the pump/compressor" IS_A fraction; |
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|
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|
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eta_eq:eta * (inlet.h - outlet.h) = (inlet.h - outlet_is.h); |
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|
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(* work done on the environment, will be negative *) |
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Wdot IS_A energy_rate; |
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Wdot_eq:Wdot = mdot * w; |
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|
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w IS_A negative_specific_work; |
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w_eq:w = inlet.h - outlet.h; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD default_self; |
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RUN inlet.default_self; |
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RUN outlet.default_self; |
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RUN outlet_is.default_self; |
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END default_self; |
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END pump_simple; |
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|
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MODEL pump_simple_test REFINES pump_simple; |
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cd.component :== 'water'; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_self; |
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FIX inlet.p; inlet.p := 5 {bar}; |
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FIX inlet.h; inlet.h := 400 {kJ/kg}; |
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FIX outlet.p; outlet.p := 100 {bar}; |
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FIX eta; eta := 0.65; |
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FIX mdot; mdot := 900 {t/d}; |
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|
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inlet.v := 0.97 {L/kg}; |
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inlet.T := 300 {K}; |
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|
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SOLVER QRSlv; |
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OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
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OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
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END on_load; |
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END pump_simple_test; |
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|
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(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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TURBINE COMPONENT |
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*) |
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|
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MODEL turbine_simple REFINES stream_equipment; |
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NOTES |
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'block' SELF {Simple turbine model} |
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'graphic' SELF {10,0-10,10-0,8-0,2-10,0} |
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'port_in' SELF {inlet:3.34,1.332} |
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'port_out' SELF {outlet:6.67,0.667} |
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END NOTES; |
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|
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|
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dp "param: pressure drop, default value = [10{atm}]" IS_A delta_pressure; |
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inlet.p + dp = outlet.p; |
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|
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outlet_is IS_A stream_state; |
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outlet_is.cd, outlet.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
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outlet_is.p, outlet.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
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outlet_is.s, inlet.s ARE_THE_SAME; |
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|
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eta "param: efficiency of turbine" IS_A fraction; |
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eta_eq:eta * (inlet.h - outlet_is.h) = (inlet.h - outlet.h); |
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|
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(* work done on the environment, will be positive *) |
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Wdot IS_A energy_rate; |
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Wedot_eq:Wdot = mdot * w; |
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|
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w IS_A positive_specific_work; |
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w_eq:w = inlet.h - outlet.h; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD default_self; |
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RUN inlet.default_self; |
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RUN outlet.default_self; |
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RUN outlet_is.default_self; |
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END default_self; |
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END turbine_simple; |
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|
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MODEL turbine_simple_test REFINES turbine_simple; |
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cd.component :== 'water'; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_self; |
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FIX inlet.p; |
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FIX inlet.h; |
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FIX outlet.p; |
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FIX eta; |
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FIX mdot; |
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|
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inlet.p := 100 {bar}; |
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inlet.h := 3000 {kJ/kg}; |
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outlet.p := 5 {bar}; |
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eta := 0.85; |
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mdot := 900 {t/d}; |
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END on_load; |
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END turbine_simple_test; |
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|
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(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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BOILER COMPONENT |
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*) |
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|
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(* |
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simple model assumes no pressure drop, but heating losses due to |
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flue gas temperature |
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*) |
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MODEL boiler_simple REFINES stream_equipment; |
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NOTES |
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'block' SELF {Simple boiler model} |
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'graphic' SELF {0,0-10,0-10,10-0,10-0,0} |
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END NOTES; |
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|
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inlet.p, outlet.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
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Qdot_fuel IS_A energy_rate; |
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|
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q IS_A specific_energy; |
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q = (outlet.h - inlet.h); |
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|
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Qdot "param: energy rate" IS_A energy_rate; |
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heateqn: Qdot = mdot * q; |
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|
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eta "param: efficiency of boiler" IS_A fraction; |
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Qdot = eta * Qdot_fuel; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD default_self; |
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RUN inlet.default_self; |
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RUN outlet.default_self; |
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END default_self; |
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END boiler_simple; |
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|
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MODEL boiler_simple_test REFINES boiler_simple; |
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cd.component :== 'water'; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_self; |
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FIX inlet.p; |
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FIX inlet.h; |
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FIX eta; |
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FIX mdot; |
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|
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inlet.p := 100 {bar}; |
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inlet.h := 500 {kJ/kg}; |
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|
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eta := 0.8; |
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outlet.h := 3000 {kJ/kg}; |
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mdot := 900 {t/d}; |
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END on_load; |
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END boiler_simple_test; |
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|
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(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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CONDENSER COMPONENT |
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*) |
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|
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(* |
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this is really simple (fluid props permitting): just work out the heat |
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that must be expelled to get the water down to a certain state |
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*) |
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MODEL condenser_simple REFINES stream_equipment; |
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NOTES |
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'block' SELF {Condenser} |
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'icon' SELF {Condenser} |
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'graphic' SELF {0,0-10,0-10,10-0,10-0,0 |
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0,5-1.5,5-2,6-3,4-4,6-5,4-6,6-7,4-8,6-8.5,5-10,5} |
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END NOTES; |
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|
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inlet.p, outlet.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
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Qdot IS_A energy_rate; |
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|
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cons_en: Qdot = mdot * (outlet.h - inlet.h); |
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METHODS |
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METHOD default_self; |
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RUN inlet.default_self; |
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RUN outlet.default_self; |
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END default_self; |
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END condenser_simple; |
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|
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MODEL condenser_simple_test REFINES condenser_simple; |
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cd.component :== 'water'; |
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METHODS |
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METHOD on_load; |
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RUN default_self; |
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FIX inlet.p, inlet.x; |
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FIX outlet.h; |
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FIX mdot; |
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|
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inlet.p := 5 {bar}; |
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inlet.x := 0.95; |
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outlet.h := 500 {kJ/kg}; |
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mdot := 900 {t/d}; |
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END on_load; |
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END condenser_simple_test; |
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|
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(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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FEEDWATER HEATER |
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*) |
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|
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(* |
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open heater does not have inlet.mdot==outlet.mdot, so not a refinement |
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of 'stream_equipment'. |
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*) |
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MODEL heater_open; |
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NOTES |
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'block' SELF {Simple open feedwater heater} |
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'port_in' SELF {inlet:0,5-inlet_heat:5,0} |
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'port_out' SELF {outlet:10,5} |
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'graphic' SELF {0,0-10,0-10,10-0,10-0,0} |
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END NOTES; |
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|
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inlet "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
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inlet_heat "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
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outlet "out:" IS_A stream_node; |
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inlet_heat.p, inlet.p, outlet.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
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inlet.cd, outlet.cd, inlet_heat.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
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cd ALIASES inlet.cd; |
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|
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(* cons. mass *) |
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cons_mass: inlet.mdot + inlet_heat.mdot = outlet.mdot; |
| 431 |
|
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m_ratio IS_A factor; |
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inlet_heat.mdot = m_ratio * inlet.mdot; |
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(* cons. energy *) |
| 435 |
cons_en: inlet.h + m_ratio * inlet_heat.h = outlet.h; |
| 436 |
METHODS |
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METHOD default_self; |
| 438 |
RUN inlet.default_self; |
| 439 |
RUN inlet_heat.default_self; |
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RUN outlet.default_self; |
| 441 |
END default_self; |
| 442 |
END heater_open; |
| 443 |
|
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MODEL heater_open_test REFINES heater_open; |
| 445 |
cd.component :== 'water'; |
| 446 |
METHODS |
| 447 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 448 |
RUN default_self; |
| 449 |
FIX inlet.p, inlet.h; |
| 450 |
inlet.p := 40 {bar}; |
| 451 |
inlet.h := 634 {kJ/kg}; |
| 452 |
FIX inlet_heat.h; |
| 453 |
inlet_heat.h := 2960 {kJ/kg}; |
| 454 |
|
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FIX outlet.mdot; |
| 456 |
outlet.mdot := 900 {t/d}; |
| 457 |
|
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FIX inlet.mdot; |
| 459 |
inlet.mdot := 700 {t/d}; |
| 460 |
END on_load; |
| 461 |
END heater_open_test; |
| 462 |
|
| 463 |
MODEL heater_open2; |
| 464 |
NOTES |
| 465 |
'block' SELF {Two-heat-inlet open feedwater heater} |
| 466 |
'port_in' SELF {inlet:0,5-inlet_heat1:3.33,0-inlet_heat2:6.66,0} |
| 467 |
'port_out' SELF {outlet:10,5} |
| 468 |
'graphic' SELF {0,0-10,0-10,10-0,10-0,0} |
| 469 |
END NOTES; |
| 470 |
|
| 471 |
inlet "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 472 |
inlet_heat1 "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 473 |
inlet_heat2 "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 474 |
outlet "out:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 475 |
inlet.cd, inlet_heat1.cd, inlet_heat2.cd, outlet.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 476 |
inlet_heat1.p, inlet_heat2.p, inlet.p, outlet.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 477 |
cd ALIASES inlet.cd; |
| 478 |
|
| 479 |
(* cons. mass *) |
| 480 |
cons_mass: inlet.mdot + inlet_heat1.mdot + inlet_heat2.mdot = outlet.mdot; |
| 481 |
|
| 482 |
(* cons. energy *) |
| 483 |
cons_en: inlet.mdot * inlet.h + inlet_heat1.mdot * inlet_heat1.h |
| 484 |
+ inlet_heat2.mdot * inlet_heat2.h = outlet.mdot * outlet.h; |
| 485 |
METHODS |
| 486 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 487 |
RUN inlet.default_self; |
| 488 |
RUN inlet_heat.default_self; |
| 489 |
RUN inlet_heat2.default_self; |
| 490 |
RUN outlet.default_self; |
| 491 |
END default_self; |
| 492 |
END heater_open2; |
| 493 |
|
| 494 |
MODEL heater_closed; |
| 495 |
NOTES |
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'block' SELF {Closed feedwater heater model (heat exchanger)} |
| 497 |
'port_in' SELF {inlet:0,5-inlet_heat:5,0} |
| 498 |
'port_out' SELF {outlet:10,3.33-outlet_heat:10,6.66} |
| 499 |
'graphic' SELF {0,0-10,0-10,10-0,10-0,0} |
| 500 |
END NOTES; |
| 501 |
|
| 502 |
inlet "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 503 |
inlet_heat "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 504 |
outlet_heat "out:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 505 |
outlet "out:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 506 |
|
| 507 |
inlet.cd, outlet.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 508 |
inlet_heat.cd, outlet_heat.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 509 |
cd ALIASES inlet.cd; |
| 510 |
cd_heat ALIASES inlet_heat.cd; |
| 511 |
|
| 512 |
inlet_heat.p, outlet_heat.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 513 |
inlet.p, outlet.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 514 |
|
| 515 |
Qdot "heat transferred to main flow stream" IS_A energy_rate; |
| 516 |
|
| 517 |
q IS_A specific_energy; |
| 518 |
Qdot = q * inlet.mdot; |
| 519 |
|
| 520 |
(* cons. mass *) |
| 521 |
cons_mass: inlet.mdot = outlet.mdot; |
| 522 |
cons_mass_heat: inlet_heat.mdot = outlet_heat.mdot; |
| 523 |
|
| 524 |
m_ratio IS_A factor; |
| 525 |
inlet_heat.mdot = inlet.mdot * m_ratio; |
| 526 |
|
| 527 |
(* cons. energy *) |
| 528 |
cons_en: q + inlet.h = outlet.h; |
| 529 |
cons_en_heat: m_ratio * inlet_heat.h = m_ratio * outlet_heat.h + q; |
| 530 |
METHODS |
| 531 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 532 |
RUN inlet.default_self; |
| 533 |
RUN inlet_heat.default_self; |
| 534 |
RUN outlet.default_self; |
| 535 |
RUN outlet_heat.default_self; |
| 536 |
END default_self; |
| 537 |
END heater_closed; |
| 538 |
|
| 539 |
MODEL heater_closed_test REFINES heater_closed; |
| 540 |
cd.component :== 'water'; |
| 541 |
cd_heat.component :== 'water'; |
| 542 |
METHODS |
| 543 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 544 |
FIX inlet.p, inlet.h, inlet.mdot; |
| 545 |
inlet.p := 40 {bar}; |
| 546 |
inlet.h := 634 {kJ/kg}; |
| 547 |
inlet.mdot := 700 {t/d}; |
| 548 |
|
| 549 |
FIX inlet_heat.p, inlet_heat.h, inlet_heat.mdot; |
| 550 |
inlet_heat.p := 50 {bar}; |
| 551 |
inlet_heat.h := 2960 {kJ/kg}; |
| 552 |
inlet_heat.mdot := 500 {t/d}; |
| 553 |
|
| 554 |
FIX outlet.h; |
| 555 |
outlet.h := 900 {kJ/kg}; |
| 556 |
|
| 557 |
SOLVER QRSlv; |
| 558 |
OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
| 559 |
OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
| 560 |
END on_load; |
| 561 |
END heater_closed_test; |
| 562 |
|
| 563 |
(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 564 |
TEE PIECE |
| 565 |
*) |
| 566 |
|
| 567 |
(* |
| 568 |
it's not a car :-) |
| 569 |
*) |
| 570 |
MODEL tee; |
| 571 |
NOTES |
| 572 |
'block' SELF {Tee piece: branching of flow} |
| 573 |
'graphic' SELF {0,5-10,3.33-10,6.66-0,5} |
| 574 |
'port_out' SELF {outlet:10,3.33-outlet_branch:10,6.66} |
| 575 |
END NOTES; |
| 576 |
|
| 577 |
inlet "in:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 578 |
outlet "out:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 579 |
outlet_branch "out:" IS_A stream_node; |
| 580 |
|
| 581 |
inlet.cd, outlet.cd, outlet_branch.cd ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 582 |
cd ALIASES inlet.cd; |
| 583 |
|
| 584 |
inlet.p, outlet.p, outlet_branch.p ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 585 |
inlet.h, outlet.h, outlet_branch.h ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 586 |
|
| 587 |
(* cons. mass *) |
| 588 |
cons_mass: inlet.mdot = outlet.mdot + outlet_branch.mdot; |
| 589 |
|
| 590 |
phi IS_A fraction; |
| 591 |
phi_eq: phi * inlet.mdot = outlet_branch.mdot; |
| 592 |
|
| 593 |
END tee; |
| 594 |
|
| 595 |
(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 596 |
OVERALL CYCLE |
| 597 |
*) |
| 598 |
|
| 599 |
(* |
| 600 |
simplest possible rankine cycle |
| 601 |
*) |
| 602 |
MODEL rankine_common; |
| 603 |
|
| 604 |
BO IS_A boiler_simple; |
| 605 |
TU IS_A turbine_simple; |
| 606 |
CO IS_A condenser_simple; |
| 607 |
PU IS_A pump_simple; |
| 608 |
cd ALIASES BO.cd; |
| 609 |
|
| 610 |
BO.outlet, TU.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 611 |
TU.outlet, CO.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 612 |
CO.outlet, PU.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 613 |
PU.outlet, BO.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 614 |
|
| 615 |
Qdot_loss ALIASES CO.Qdot; |
| 616 |
Wdot IS_A energy_rate; |
| 617 |
Wdot = TU.Wdot + PU.Wdot; |
| 618 |
|
| 619 |
T_H ALIASES BO.outlet.T; |
| 620 |
T_C ALIASES CO.outlet.T; |
| 621 |
|
| 622 |
eta IS_A fraction; |
| 623 |
eta * (BO.Qdot_fuel) = TU.Wdot + PU.Wdot; |
| 624 |
|
| 625 |
eta_carnot IS_A fraction; |
| 626 |
eta_carnot = 1 - T_C / T_H; |
| 627 |
|
| 628 |
DE_cycle "cycle energy balance, should be zero" IS_A energy_rate; |
| 629 |
DE_cycle = BO.Qdot + CO.Qdot - TU.Wdot - PU.Wdot; |
| 630 |
|
| 631 |
mdot ALIASES TU.mdot; |
| 632 |
x_turb_out ALIASES TU.outlet.x; |
| 633 |
METHODS |
| 634 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 635 |
RUN BO.default_self; |
| 636 |
RUN TU.default_self; |
| 637 |
RUN CO.default_self; |
| 638 |
RUN PU.default_self; |
| 639 |
END default_self; |
| 640 |
END rankine_common; |
| 641 |
|
| 642 |
|
| 643 |
MODEL rankine_water REFINES rankine_common; |
| 644 |
cd.component :== 'water'; |
| 645 |
cd.type :== 'helmholtz'; |
| 646 |
METHODS |
| 647 |
(* first test case: just some plausible values *) |
| 648 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 649 |
RUN ClearAll; |
| 650 |
RUN default_self; |
| 651 |
FIX BO.eta; BO.eta := 1.0; |
| 652 |
FIX TU.eta; TU.eta := 0.85; |
| 653 |
FIX PU.eta; PU.eta := 0.8; |
| 654 |
FIX Wdot; Wdot := 100 {MW}; |
| 655 |
(* FIX CO.outlet.p; CO.outlet.p := 10 {kPa};*) |
| 656 |
FIX CO.outlet.T; CO.outlet.T := 40 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 657 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; |
| 658 |
FIX PU.outlet.p; PU.outlet.p := 150 {bar}; |
| 659 |
PU.outlet.p.upper_bound := 150 {bar}; |
| 660 |
FIX BO.outlet.T; BO.outlet.T := 580 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 661 |
|
| 662 |
SOLVER QRSlv; |
| 663 |
OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
| 664 |
OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
| 665 |
END on_load; |
| 666 |
METHOD set_x_limit; |
| 667 |
FREE PU.outlet.p; |
| 668 |
PU.outlet.p.upper_bound := 150 {bar}; |
| 669 |
FIX TU.outlet.x; TU.outlet.x := 0.9; |
| 670 |
END set_x_limit; |
| 671 |
(* |
| 672 |
second test case: numbers from Example 2.1, K Weston, 'Energy Conversion', |
| 673 |
1992, http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~kenneth-weston/ |
| 674 |
*) |
| 675 |
METHOD specify; |
| 676 |
RUN ClearAll; |
| 677 |
FIX PU.outlet.p; |
| 678 |
FIX BO.outlet.T; |
| 679 |
FIX PU.inlet.p; |
| 680 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; |
| 681 |
FIX TU.eta; |
| 682 |
FIX PU.eta; |
| 683 |
FIX BO.eta; |
| 684 |
FIX mdot; |
| 685 |
END specify; |
| 686 |
METHOD values; |
| 687 |
PU.outlet.p := 2000 {psi}; |
| 688 |
BO.outlet.T := 1460 {R}; BO.outlet.h := 3400 {kJ/kg}; |
| 689 |
PU.inlet.p := 1 {psi}; |
| 690 |
CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; (*PU.inlet.h := 69.73 {btu/lbm};*) |
| 691 |
TU.eta := 1.0; |
| 692 |
PU.eta := 1.0; |
| 693 |
BO.eta := 1.0; |
| 694 |
mdot := 900 {t/d}; |
| 695 |
END values; |
| 696 |
(* |
| 697 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 698 |
RUN default_self; |
| 699 |
RUN specify; |
| 700 |
RUN values; |
| 701 |
|
| 702 |
SOLVER QRSlv; |
| 703 |
OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
| 704 |
OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
| 705 |
END on_load; |
| 706 |
*) |
| 707 |
METHOD self_test; |
| 708 |
(* check the results against those from K Weston's book *) |
| 709 |
(* note that we have NOT neglected pump work in this case! *) |
| 710 |
ASSERT abs(eta - 0.4294) < 0.0030; |
| 711 |
ASSERT abs(eta_carnot - 0.6152) < 0.0005; |
| 712 |
ASSERT abs(TU.outlet.x - 0.7736) < 0.0005; |
| 713 |
ASSERT abs(TU.w - 603.1 {btu/lbm}) < 0.7 {btu/lbm}; |
| 714 |
END self_test; |
| 715 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 716 |
RUN rankine_common::default_self; |
| 717 |
BO.outlet.h := 3000 {kJ/kg}; (* guess *) |
| 718 |
TU.outlet.h := 3000 {kJ/kg}; (* guess *) |
| 719 |
CO.outlet.h := 300 {kJ/kg}; |
| 720 |
CO.outlet.p := 10 {kPa}; |
| 721 |
END default_self; |
| 722 |
END rankine_water; |
| 723 |
|
| 724 |
MODEL rankine_co2 REFINES rankine_common; |
| 725 |
cd.component :== 'carbondioxide'; |
| 726 |
cd.type :== 'helmholtz'; |
| 727 |
METHODS |
| 728 |
METHOD on_load_1; |
| 729 |
RUN ClearAll; |
| 730 |
RUN default_self; |
| 731 |
FIX BO.eta; BO.eta := 1.0; |
| 732 |
FIX TU.eta; TU.eta := 0.85; |
| 733 |
FIX PU.eta; PU.eta := 0.8; |
| 734 |
FIX Wdot; Wdot := 100 {MW}; |
| 735 |
FIX CO.outlet.T; CO.outlet.T := 40 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 736 |
FIX CO.outlet.p; CO.outlet.p := 80 {bar}; |
| 737 |
FIX PU.outlet.p; PU.outlet.p := 150 {bar}; |
| 738 |
FIX BO.outlet.T; BO.outlet.T := 580 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 739 |
|
| 740 |
SOLVER QRSlv; |
| 741 |
OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
| 742 |
OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
| 743 |
END on_load_1; |
| 744 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 745 |
RUN ClearAll; |
| 746 |
RUN default_self; |
| 747 |
FIX BO.eta; BO.eta := 1.0; |
| 748 |
FIX TU.eta; TU.eta := 0.85; |
| 749 |
FIX PU.eta; PU.eta := 0.8; |
| 750 |
FIX Wdot; Wdot := 100 {MW}; |
| 751 |
FIX CO.outlet.T; CO.outlet.T := 10 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 752 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; |
| 753 |
FIX PU.outlet.p; PU.outlet.p := 150 {bar}; |
| 754 |
FIX BO.outlet.T; BO.outlet.T := 580 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 755 |
|
| 756 |
SOLVER QRSlv; |
| 757 |
OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
| 758 |
OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
| 759 |
END on_load; |
| 760 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 761 |
RUN rankine_common::default_self; |
| 762 |
BO.outlet.h := 350 {kJ/kg}; (* guess *) |
| 763 |
TU.outlet.h := 1000 {kJ/kg}; (* guess *) |
| 764 |
CO.outlet.h := 350 {kJ/kg}; |
| 765 |
CO.outlet.p := 60 {bar}; |
| 766 |
CO.outlet.p.lower_bound := 5.2 {bar}; |
| 767 |
END default_self; |
| 768 |
END rankine_co2; |
| 769 |
|
| 770 |
MODEL rankine_toluene REFINES rankine_common; |
| 771 |
cd.component :== 'toluene'; |
| 772 |
cd.type :== 'helmholtz'; |
| 773 |
METHODS |
| 774 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 775 |
RUN ClearAll; |
| 776 |
RUN default_self; |
| 777 |
FIX BO.eta; BO.eta := 1.0; |
| 778 |
FIX TU.eta; TU.eta := 0.85; |
| 779 |
FIX PU.eta; PU.eta := 0.8; |
| 780 |
FIX Wdot; Wdot := 100 {MW}; |
| 781 |
FIX CO.outlet.T; CO.outlet.T := 40 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 782 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; |
| 783 |
FIX PU.outlet.p; PU.outlet.p := 150 {bar}; |
| 784 |
FIX BO.outlet.T; BO.outlet.T := 375. {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 785 |
|
| 786 |
SOLVER QRSlv; |
| 787 |
OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
| 788 |
OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
| 789 |
|
| 790 |
FREE CO.outlet.h; |
| 791 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; |
| 792 |
|
| 793 |
END on_load; |
| 794 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 795 |
RUN rankine_common::default_self; |
| 796 |
PU.inlet.h := 400 {kJ/kg}; |
| 797 |
BO.outlet.h := 400 {kJ/kg}; |
| 798 |
CO.outlet.h := 400 {kJ/kg}; |
| 799 |
CO.outlet.p := 10 {kPa}; |
| 800 |
END default_self; |
| 801 |
END rankine_toluene; |
| 802 |
|
| 803 |
|
| 804 |
|
| 805 |
MODEL rankine_ammonia REFINES rankine_common; |
| 806 |
cd.component :== 'ammonia'; |
| 807 |
cd.type :== 'helmholtz'; |
| 808 |
METHODS |
| 809 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 810 |
RUN ClearAll; |
| 811 |
RUN default_self; |
| 812 |
FIX BO.eta; BO.eta := 1.0; |
| 813 |
FIX TU.eta; TU.eta := 0.85; |
| 814 |
FIX PU.eta; PU.eta := 0.8; |
| 815 |
FIX Wdot; Wdot := 100 {MW}; |
| 816 |
FIX CO.outlet.T; CO.outlet.T := 40 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 817 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; |
| 818 |
FIX PU.outlet.p; PU.outlet.p := 150 {bar}; |
| 819 |
FIX BO.outlet.T; BO.outlet.T := 580 {K} + 273.15 {K}; |
| 820 |
|
| 821 |
SOLVER QRSlv; |
| 822 |
OPTION convopt 'RELNOM_SCALE'; |
| 823 |
OPTION iterationlimit 200; |
| 824 |
|
| 825 |
FREE CO.outlet.h; |
| 826 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; |
| 827 |
|
| 828 |
END on_load; |
| 829 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 830 |
RUN rankine_common::default_self; |
| 831 |
PU.inlet.h := 400 {kJ/kg}; |
| 832 |
BO.outlet.h := 400 {kJ/kg}; |
| 833 |
CO.outlet.h := 400 {kJ/kg}; |
| 834 |
CO.outlet.p := 10 {kPa}; |
| 835 |
END default_self; |
| 836 |
END rankine_ammonia; |
| 837 |
|
| 838 |
|
| 839 |
|
| 840 |
(*------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 841 |
REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE |
| 842 |
*) |
| 843 |
MODEL rankine_reheat_common; |
| 844 |
BO1 IS_A boiler_simple; |
| 845 |
BO2 IS_A boiler_simple; |
| 846 |
TU1 IS_A turbine_simple; |
| 847 |
TU2 IS_A turbine_simple; |
| 848 |
CO IS_A condenser_simple; |
| 849 |
PU IS_A pump_simple; |
| 850 |
|
| 851 |
BO1.outlet, TU1.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 852 |
TU1.outlet, BO2.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 853 |
BO2.outlet, TU2.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 854 |
TU2.outlet, CO.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 855 |
CO.outlet, PU.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 856 |
PU.outlet, BO1.inlet ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 857 |
|
| 858 |
BO1.eta, BO2.eta ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 859 |
|
| 860 |
(* boiler peak temperature is reached for both main and reheat... *) |
| 861 |
BO1.outlet.T, BO2.outlet.T ARE_THE_SAME; |
| 862 |
|
| 863 |
mdot ALIASES PU.mdot; |
| 864 |
|
| 865 |
T_H ALIASES BO1.outlet.T; |
| 866 |
T_C ALIASES CO.outlet.T; |
| 867 |
|
| 868 |
eta IS_A fraction; |
| 869 |
eta * (BO1.Qdot_fuel + BO2.Qdot_fuel) = TU1.Wdot + TU2.Wdot + PU.Wdot; |
| 870 |
|
| 871 |
DE_cycle IS_A energy_rate; |
| 872 |
DE_cycle = BO1.Qdot + BO2.Qdot + CO.Qdot - TU1.Wdot - TU2.Wdot - PU.Wdot; |
| 873 |
|
| 874 |
eta_carnot IS_A fraction; |
| 875 |
eta_carnot = 1 - T_C / T_H; |
| 876 |
METHODS |
| 877 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 878 |
RUN BO1.default_self; |
| 879 |
RUN BO2.default_self; |
| 880 |
RUN TU1.default_self; |
| 881 |
RUN TU2.default_self; |
| 882 |
RUN CO.default_self; |
| 883 |
RUN PU.default_self; |
| 884 |
END default_self; |
| 885 |
END rankine_reheat_common; |
| 886 |
|
| 887 |
(* |
| 888 |
A model for Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid |
| 889 |
*) |
| 890 |
MODEL rankine_reheat_water REFINES rankine_reheat_common; |
| 891 |
BO1.cd.component :== 'water'; |
| 892 |
METHODS |
| 893 |
METHOD on_load; |
| 894 |
RUN default_self; |
| 895 |
RUN cengel_ex_10_4; |
| 896 |
END on_load; |
| 897 |
METHOD cengel_ex_10_4; |
| 898 |
(* This example 10.4 from Cengel & Boles, 2011, 'Thermodynamics: An |
| 899 |
Engineering Approach', 7th Ed., McGraw-Hill. *) |
| 900 |
RUN ClearAll; |
| 901 |
RUN default_self; |
| 902 |
FIX BO1.eta; BO1.eta := 1.0; |
| 903 |
FIX TU1.eta; TU1.eta := 1.0; |
| 904 |
FIX TU2.eta; TU2.eta := 1.0; |
| 905 |
FIX PU.eta; PU.eta := 1.0; |
| 906 |
|
| 907 |
FIX TU1.inlet.p; TU1.inlet.p := 15 {MPa}; |
| 908 |
FIX TU1.inlet.T; TU1.inlet.T := (600 {K} + 273.15 {K}); |
| 909 |
FIX BO2.outlet.T; BO2.outlet.T := TU1.inlet.T; |
| 910 |
FIX TU2.outlet.x; TU2.outlet.x := 0.896; |
| 911 |
FIX CO.inlet.p; CO.inlet.p := 10 {kPa}; |
| 912 |
FIX CO.outlet.x; CO.outlet.x := 1e-6; |
| 913 |
FIX mdot; mdot := 1 {kg/s}; |
| 914 |
END cengel_ex_10_4; |
| 915 |
METHOD self_test_cengel; |
| 916 |
ASSERT abs(TU2.outlet.s -7.3688 {kJ/kg/K}) < 0.0001 {kJ/kg/K}; |
| 917 |
ASSERT abs(TU2.outlet.h - 2335.1 {kJ/kg}) < 0.1 {kJ/kg}; |
| 918 |
ASSERT abs(BO2.outlet.p - 4.0 {MPa}) < 0.05 {MPa}; |
| 919 |
ASSERT abs(BO2.outlet.h - 3674.9 {kJ/kg}) < 0.2 {kJ/kg}; |
| 920 |
ASSERT abs(eta - 0.450) < 0.0005; |
| 921 |
END self_test_cengel; |
| 922 |
METHOD default_self; |
| 923 |
RUN rankine_reheat_common::default_self; |
| 924 |
BO1.outlet.h := 3000 {kJ/kg}; (* guess *) |
| 925 |
TU1.outlet.h := 3000 {kJ/kg}; (* guess *) |
| 926 |
TU2.inlet.h := 3000 {kJ/kg}; (* guess *) |
| 927 |
END default_self; |
| 928 |
END rankine_reheat_water; |
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