trunk/models/measures.a4l

(*  ASCEND modelling environment
	Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Carnegie Mellon University
	Copyright (C) 1994-1997 Carnegie Mellon University
	Copyright (C) 1990 Thomas Guthrie Epperly

	The ASCEND Modeling Library is free software; you can redistribute
	it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
	License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
	version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	
	The ASCEND Modeling Library is distributed in hope that it
	will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
	warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
	See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	
	You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
	along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software
	Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
 *)
PROVIDE "measures.a4l";
(*
	This provides common unit definitions. The user may write additional
	files of unit definitions particular to their problem or site.

	This is a file defining the conversion factors ASCEND will recognize when
	it sees them as {units}. Note that the assignment "x := 0.5 {100}" yields
	x == 50, and that there are no 'offset conversions', e.g. "F=9/5C+32".

	Please keep unit names to 20 characters or less as this makes life pretty.
	This is not a hard limit however.
	
	All ASCEND units are built up from base units for each dimension of
	measurement. The base units are mostly the Systeme Internationale base
	units, with a few additional ones to aid with legibility/checkability.

	Unit      Dim code   Dimension              Source
	kg        M          mass                   SI
	mol       Q          amount of substance    SI
	s         T          time                   SI
	m         L          length                 SI
	K         TMP        temperature            SI
	USD       C          currency               non SI
	A         E          electric current       SI
	cd        LUM        luminous intensity     SI
	rad       P          plane angle            SI suggested
	sr        S          solid angle            SI suggested

	Units for currency are selected arbitrarily to be USD, for US dollars,
	being the dominant international currency at this time.
	
	Original author: Tom Epperly, 1990.
	Contributors: Ben Allan, John Pye.
*)

UNITS

(* SI multipliers *)

yocto = {10^-24};
zepto = {10^-21};
atto = {10^-18};
femto = {10^-15};
pico = {10^-12};
nano = {10^-9};
micro = {10^-6};
milli = {10^-3};
centi = {10^-2};
deci = {10^-1};
deka = {10.0};
hecta = {100.0};
kilo = {10^3};
mega = {10^6};
giga = {10^9};
tera = {10^12};
peta = {10^15};
exa = {10^18};
zetta = {10^21};
yotta = {10^24};

(* distance *)

meter = {m};
pc = {3.08374e+16*m};
parsec = {pc};
kpc = {kilo*pc};
Mpc = {mega*pc};
km = {kilo*m};
dm = {m/10};
cm = {m/100};
mm = {milli*m};
um = {micro*m};
nm = {nano*m};
kilometer = {km};
centimeter = {cm};
millimeter = {mm};
micron = {um};
nanometer = {nm};
angstrom = {m/1e10};
fermi = {m/1e15};

mi = {1609.344*m};
yd = {0.914412*m};
ft = {0.304804*m};
inch = {0.0254*m};
mile = {mi};
yard = {yd};
feet = {ft};
foot = {ft};
in = {inch};

(* mass *)

kilogram = {kg};
g = {kg/1000};
gram = {g};
mg = {g/1000};
milligram = {mg};
ug= {kilogram*1e-9};
microgram= {ug};
ng= {kilogram*1e-12};
nanogram= {ng};
pg= {kilogram*1e-15};
picogram= {pg};

tonne = {1000*kilogram}; (* reference on tonne: http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html *)
t = {tonne};
kilotonne = {kilo*tonne};
kt = {kilotonne};
megatonne = {mega*tonne};
Mt = {megatonne};
gigatonne = {giga*tonne};
Gt = {gigatonne};

amu = {1.661e-27*kilogram};
lbm = {4.535924e-1*kilogram};
ton = {lbm*2000};
oz = {0.028349525*kilogram};
slug = {14.5939*kilogram};

(*  time *)

second = {s};
yr = {31557600*s};
wk = {604800*s};
d = {86400*s};
h = {3600*s};
min = {60*s};
sec = {s};
ms = {s/1000};
us = {s/1e6};
ns = {s/1e9};
ps = {s/1e12};
year = {yr};
week = {wk};
day = {d};
hour = {h};
hr={h};
minute = {min};
millisecond = {ms};
microsecond = {us};
nanosecond = {ns};
picosecond = {ps};

(*  molecular quantities *)

mole = {mol};
kg_mole= {1000*mol};
g_mole = {mol};
gm_mole = {mol};
kmol = {kilo*mol};
mol = {mol};
mmol = {milli*mol};
millimole= {mmol};
umol = {micro*mol};
micromole= {umol};
lb_mole = {4.535924e+2*mol};

 (* temperature *)

Kelvin = {K};
R = {5*K/9};
Rankine = {R};

(*  money *)

(* PLEASE USE ISO 4127 CURRENCY CODES FOR ALL MONEY UNITS *)
currency = {USD};
CR = {USD};
credits= {USD};
(* the following two are historic and should not be used in future *)
USdollar = {USD};
US = {USD};

(* currencies according to yahoo.com, as at 11 Sep 2006 *)
AUD = {0.752400*USD};
GBP = {1.865000*USD};
EUR = {1.266499*USD};
JPY = {0.00856091*USD};

(*  reciprocal time (frequency) *)

rev = {1.0};
cycle = {rev};
rpm = {rev/minute};
rps = {rev/second};
hertz = {cycle/second};
Hz = {hertz};

(*  area *)

ha = {m^2*10000};
hectare= {ha};
acre= {m^2*4046.856};

(*  volume *)

L = {m^3/1000};
l = {L};
litre = {L};
liter = {L};
mL = {L/1000};
ml = {L/1000};
ul = {L/1e6};
uL = {L/1e6};
milliliter = {ml};
millilitre = {mL};
microliter = {ul};
microlitre = {uL};

hogshead= {2.384809e-1*m^3};
cuft = {0.02831698*m^3};
impgal = {4.52837e-3*m^3};
gal = {3.785412e-3*m^3};
barrel = {42.0*gal};
gallon = {gal};
quart = {gal/4};
pint = {gal/8};
cup = {gal/16};
floz = {gal/128};

(*  force *)

N = {kg*m/s^2};
newton = {N};
dyne = {N*1.0e-5};
EN = {1e18*N};
PN = {1e15*N};
TN = {1e12*N};
GN = {1e9*N};
MN = {1e6*N};
kN = {1000*N};
mN= {N*1e-3};
uN= {N*1e-6};
nN= {N*1e-9};
pN= {N*1e-12};
fN= {N*1e-15};
aN= {N*1e-18};
milliNewton= {mN};
microNewton= {uN};
nanoNewton= {nN};
picoNewton= {pN};
femtoNewton= {fN};
attoNewton= {aN};

lbf = {N*4.448221};
tonnef = {9.8* N/kg * 1 * t};
kgf = {9.8*N/kg * 1 * kg};

(* pressure *)

Pa = {kg/m/s^2};
pascal = {Pa};
kPa = {1e3*Pa};
bar = {1e5*Pa};
mbar = {1e2*Pa};
MPa = {1e6*Pa};
GPa = {1e9*Pa};

atm = {Pa*101325.0};
mmHg = {133.322*Pa};
torr = {133.322*Pa};
psia = {6894.733*Pa};
psi = {psia};
ftH2O = {2989*Pa};

(* energy *)

J = {kg*m^2/s^2};
joule = {J};
nJ= {J*1.0e-9};
uJ= {J*1.0e-6};
mJ= {J*1.0e-3};
kJ = {J * 1000};
MJ = {J * 1e6};
GJ = {J * 1e9};
TJ = {J * 1e12};
PJ = {J * 1e15};
milliJoule= {mJ};
microJoule= {uJ};
nanoJoule= {nJ};
erg = {J*1.0e-7};

BTU = {1055.056*J};
btu = {BTU}; (* this is the way it's written in most textbooks *)
pCu = {BTU * 1.8};
cal = {J*4.18393};
calorie = {cal};
kcal= {1000*cal};
Cal= {1000*cal};

(* power *)

W = {J/s};
EW = {exa*W};
PW = {peta*W};
TW = {tera*W};
GW = {giga*W};
MW = {mega*W};
kW = {kilo*W};
mW = {milli*W};
uW = {micro*W};
nW = {nano*W};
pW = {pico*W};
fW = {femto*W};
aW = {atto*W};
terawatt = {TW};
gigawatt = {GW};
megawatt = {MW};
kilowatt = {kW};
watt = {W};
milliwatt = {mW};
microwatt = {uW};
nanowatt = {nW};
picowatt = {pW};
femtowatt = {fW};
attowatt = {aW};
aWW= {1*EW}; (* <geekjoke>we could say Art has a lot of power</geekjoke> *)

Wh = {W*h};
kWh = {kW*h};

hp= {7.456998e+2*W};

(* absolute viscosity *)

poise = {Pa*s/10};
cP = {poise/100};

(* electric charge *)

C = {A*s};
coulomb = {C};
coul = {C};
mC = {0.001*C};
uC = {1e-6*C};
nC = {1e-9*C};
pC = {1e-12*C};

(* misc electro-magnetic fun *)

V = {kg*m^2/s^3/A};
F = {A^2*s^4/kg/m^2};
ohm = {kg*m^2/s^3/A^2};
mho = {A^2*s^3/kg/m^2};
S = {mho};
siemens = {S};
ampere = {A};
amp = {A};
volt = {V};
farad= {F};
mA= {A/1000};
uA= {A/1000000};
kV= {1000*V};
MV= {1e6*V};
mV= {V/1000};
mF = {0.001*F};
uF = {1e-6*F};
nF = {1e-9*F};
pF = {1e-12*F};
kohm = {1000*ohm};
Mohm = {1e6*ohm};
kS = {1000*S};
mS = {0.001*S};
uS = {1e-6*S};
Wb = {V*second};
weber = {Wb};
tesla = {Wb/m^2};
gauss = {1e-4*tesla};
H = {Wb/A};
henry = {H};
mH = {milli*H};
uH = {1e-6*H};

(*
* numeric constants of some interest
* to set a variable or constant to these, the code is (in the declarations)
* ATOM constant REFINES real; END constant;
* MODEL gizmo;
* x IS_A constant;
* x := 1 {PI};
* ...
*)
molecule = {1.0};
PI= {3.1415926535897932385};              (* Circumference/Diameter ratio *)
EULER_C = {0.57721566490153286};          (* euler gamma *)
GOLDEN_C = {1.618033988749894};           (* golden ratio *)
HBAR = {1.055e-34*J*s};              (* Reduced planck's constant *)
PLANCK_C = {2*PI*HBAR};                   (* Planck's constant *)
LIGHT_C = {2.99793e8 * m/s};     (* Speed of light in vacuum *)
MU0 = {4e-7*PI*kg*m/C/C};                 (* Permeability of free space *)
EPSILON0 = {1/LIGHT_C/LIGHT_C/MU0};       (* Permittivity of free space *)
BOLTZMAN_C = {1.3805e-23 * J/K};          (* Boltzman's constant *)
SIGMA_C = {5.670e-8 * W/m^2/K^4 };        (* Stefan-Boltzmann constant
											 - blackbody radiation *)
AVOGADRO_C = {6.022045e23 *molecule/mol};(* Avogadro's number of molecules *)
GRAVITY_C = {6.673e-11 * N*m*m/kg/kg};    (* Newtons gravitational constant *)
GAS_C = {BOLTZMAN_C*AVOGADRO_C};          (* Gas constant *)
INFINITY= {1.0e38};                       (* damn big number *)
LIM_EXP= {709.78};                        (* ln ( maxdouble ) *)
LIM_CUBE= {5.6438030941223618e101};       (*  cbrt ( maxdouble ) *)
LIM_SQR= {1.0e154};                       (*  sqrt(maxdouble) *)

(* The following were swiped from C <math.h> *)
M_E=         {2.7182818284590452354E0};   (*  base e *)
M_LOG2E=     {1.4426950408889634074E0};   (*  log2(e) *)
M_LOG10E=    {4.3429448190325182765E-1};  (*  log10(e) *)
M_LN2=       {6.9314718055994530942E-1};  (*  ln(2) *)
M_LN10=      {2.3025850929940456840E0};   (*  ln(10) *)
M_PI=        {3.1415926535897932385E0};   (*  as PI, but for consistency *)
M_PI_2=      {1.5707963267948966192E0};   (*  PI/2 *)
M_PI_4=      {7.8539816339744830962E-1};  (*  PI/4 *)
M_1_PI=      {3.1830988618379067154E-1};  (*  1/PI   *)
M_2_PI=      {6.3661977236758134308E-1};  (*  2/PI *)
M_2_SQRTPI=  {1.1283791670955125739E0};   (*  2/sqrt(PI) *)
M_SQRT2=     {1.4142135623730950488E0};   (*  sqrt(2) *)
M_SQRT1_2=   {7.0710678118654752440E-1};  (*  1/sqrt(2) *)

eCHARGE = {1.602e-19*C};         (* Charge of an electron *)
EARTH_G = {9.80665 * m/s/s};   (* Earth's gravitational field, somewhere *)
eMASS = {9.1095e-31*kg};   (* Electron rest mass, I suppose *)
pMASS = {1.67265e-27*kg};  (* Proton mass *)

(* constant based conversions *)

eV = {eCHARGE * V};
keV = {1000*eV};
MeV = {1e6*eV};
GeV = {1e9*eV};
TeV = {1e12*eV};
PeV = {1e15*eV};
EeV = {1e18*eV};

lyr = {LIGHT_C * yr}; (* Light-year *)

oersted = {gauss/MU0};

(* plane angle measures *)

radian = {rad};
deg = {rad*1.74532925199433e-2};
degrees = {deg};
grad = {0.9*deg};
arcmin = {deg/60.0};
arcsec = {arcmin/60.0};
rot = {2 * PI * rad};
RPM = {rot/minute};

(* solid angle measures *)

steradian = {sr};
srad = {sr};

(* light quantities *)

candela = {cd};
lm = {cd*sr};
lumen = {lm};
lx = {lm/m^2};
lux= {lx};

(* misc rates *)

gpm = {gallon/min};

(* conversion factor to US (Fisher-Rosemount) valve constants to SI unit
equivalent. see Appendix 3 of P Thomas 'Simulation of Industrial Processes for
Control Engineers, 1999, ISBN 0750641614 *)
VALVE_COEFF_US = {2.3837e-5*m*m};

(* time variant conversions *)

MINIMUMWAGE = {5.15*USD/h}; (* Dec 2005, see http://www.dol.gov/ *)
(*
* conversions we'd like to see , but probably won't
* milliHelen = {beauty/ship};
* Helen = {documentation/project};
* who's helen?
* AscendWorldDomination = {big/estimate};
*)
END UNITS;
1	(* ASCEND modelling environment
2	Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Carnegie Mellon University
3	Copyright (C) 1994-1997 Carnegie Mellon University
4	Copyright (C) 1990 Thomas Guthrie Epperly
5
6	The ASCEND Modeling Library is free software; you can redistribute
7	it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
8	License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
9	version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
10
11	The ASCEND Modeling Library is distributed in hope that it
12	will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
13	warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
14	See the GNU General Public License for more details.
15
16	You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17	along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software
18	Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
19	*)
20	PROVIDE "measures.a4l";
21	(*
22	This provides common unit definitions. The user may write additional
23	files of unit definitions particular to their problem or site.
24
25	This is a file defining the conversion factors ASCEND will recognize when
26	it sees them as {units}. Note that the assignment "x := 0.5 {100}" yields
27	x == 50, and that there are no 'offset conversions', e.g. "F=9/5C+32".
28
29	Please keep unit names to 20 characters or less as this makes life pretty.
30	This is not a hard limit however.
31
32	All ASCEND units are built up from base units for each dimension of
33	measurement. The base units are mostly the Systeme Internationale base
34	units, with a few additional ones to aid with legibility/checkability.
35
36	Unit Dim code Dimension Source
37	kg M mass SI
38	mol Q amount of substance SI
39	s T time SI
40	m L length SI
41	K TMP temperature SI
42	USD C currency non SI
43	A E electric current SI
44	cd LUM luminous intensity SI
45	rad P plane angle SI suggested
46	sr S solid angle SI suggested
47
48	Units for currency are selected arbitrarily to be USD, for US dollars,
49	being the dominant international currency at this time.
50
51	Original author: Tom Epperly, 1990.
52	Contributors: Ben Allan, John Pye.
53	*)
54
55	UNITS
56
57	(* SI multipliers *)
58
59	yocto = {10^-24};
60	zepto = {10^-21};
61	atto = {10^-18};
62	femto = {10^-15};
63	pico = {10^-12};
64	nano = {10^-9};
65	micro = {10^-6};
66	milli = {10^-3};
67	centi = {10^-2};
68	deci = {10^-1};
69	deka = {10.0};
70	hecta = {100.0};
71	kilo = {10^3};
72	mega = {10^6};
73	giga = {10^9};
74	tera = {10^12};
75	peta = {10^15};
76	exa = {10^18};
77	zetta = {10^21};
78	yotta = {10^24};
79
80	(* distance *)
81
82	meter = {m};
83	pc = {3.08374e+16*m};
84	parsec = {pc};
85	kpc = {kilo*pc};
86	Mpc = {mega*pc};
87	km = {kilo*m};
88	dm = {m/10};
89	cm = {m/100};
90	mm = {milli*m};
91	um = {micro*m};
92	nm = {nano*m};
93	kilometer = {km};
94	centimeter = {cm};
95	millimeter = {mm};
96	micron = {um};
97	nanometer = {nm};
98	angstrom = {m/1e10};
99	fermi = {m/1e15};
100
101	mi = {1609.344*m};
102	yd = {0.914412*m};
103	ft = {0.304804*m};
104	inch = {0.0254*m};
105	mile = {mi};
106	yard = {yd};
107	feet = {ft};
108	foot = {ft};
109	in = {inch};
110
111	(* mass *)
112
113	kilogram = {kg};
114	g = {kg/1000};
115	gram = {g};
116	mg = {g/1000};
117	milligram = {mg};
118	ug= {kilogram*1e-9};
119	microgram= {ug};
120	ng= {kilogram*1e-12};
121	nanogram= {ng};
122	pg= {kilogram*1e-15};
123	picogram= {pg};
124
125	tonne = {1000kilogram}; ( reference on tonne: http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html *)
126	t = {tonne};
127	kilotonne = {kilo*tonne};
128	kt = {kilotonne};
129	megatonne = {mega*tonne};
130	Mt = {megatonne};
131	gigatonne = {giga*tonne};
132	Gt = {gigatonne};
133
134	amu = {1.661e-27*kilogram};
135	lbm = {4.535924e-1*kilogram};
136	ton = {lbm*2000};
137	oz = {0.028349525*kilogram};
138	slug = {14.5939*kilogram};
139
140	(* time *)
141
142	second = {s};
143	yr = {31557600*s};
144	wk = {604800*s};
145	d = {86400*s};
146	h = {3600*s};
147	min = {60*s};
148	sec = {s};
149	ms = {s/1000};
150	us = {s/1e6};
151	ns = {s/1e9};
152	ps = {s/1e12};
153	year = {yr};
154	week = {wk};
155	day = {d};
156	hour = {h};
157	hr={h};
158	minute = {min};
159	millisecond = {ms};
160	microsecond = {us};
161	nanosecond = {ns};
162	picosecond = {ps};
163
164	(* molecular quantities *)
165
166	mole = {mol};
167	kg_mole= {1000*mol};
168	g_mole = {mol};
169	gm_mole = {mol};
170	kmol = {kilo*mol};
171	mol = {mol};
172	mmol = {milli*mol};
173	millimole= {mmol};
174	umol = {micro*mol};
175	micromole= {umol};
176	lb_mole = {4.535924e+2*mol};
177
178	(* temperature *)
179
180	Kelvin = {K};
181	R = {5*K/9};
182	Rankine = {R};
183
184	(* money *)
185
186	(* PLEASE USE ISO 4127 CURRENCY CODES FOR ALL MONEY UNITS *)
187	currency = {USD};
188	CR = {USD};
189	credits= {USD};
190	(* the following two are historic and should not be used in future *)
191	USdollar = {USD};
192	US = {USD};
193
194	(* currencies according to yahoo.com, as at 11 Sep 2006 *)
195	AUD = {0.752400*USD};
196	GBP = {1.865000*USD};
197	EUR = {1.266499*USD};
198	JPY = {0.00856091*USD};
199
200	(* reciprocal time (frequency) *)
201
202	rev = {1.0};
203	cycle = {rev};
204	rpm = {rev/minute};
205	rps = {rev/second};
206	hertz = {cycle/second};
207	Hz = {hertz};
208
209	(* area *)
210
211	ha = {m^2*10000};
212	hectare= {ha};
213	acre= {m^2*4046.856};
214
215	(* volume *)
216
217	L = {m^3/1000};
218	l = {L};
219	litre = {L};
220	liter = {L};
221	mL = {L/1000};
222	ml = {L/1000};
223	ul = {L/1e6};
224	uL = {L/1e6};
225	milliliter = {ml};
226	millilitre = {mL};
227	microliter = {ul};
228	microlitre = {uL};
229
230	hogshead= {2.384809e-1*m^3};
231	cuft = {0.02831698*m^3};
232	impgal = {4.52837e-3*m^3};
233	gal = {3.785412e-3*m^3};
234	barrel = {42.0*gal};
235	gallon = {gal};
236	quart = {gal/4};
237	pint = {gal/8};
238	cup = {gal/16};
239	floz = {gal/128};
240
241	(* force *)
242
243	N = {kg*m/s^2};
244	newton = {N};
245	dyne = {N*1.0e-5};
246	EN = {1e18*N};
247	PN = {1e15*N};
248	TN = {1e12*N};
249	GN = {1e9*N};
250	MN = {1e6*N};
251	kN = {1000*N};
252	mN= {N*1e-3};
253	uN= {N*1e-6};
254	nN= {N*1e-9};
255	pN= {N*1e-12};
256	fN= {N*1e-15};
257	aN= {N*1e-18};
258	milliNewton= {mN};
259	microNewton= {uN};
260	nanoNewton= {nN};
261	picoNewton= {pN};
262	femtoNewton= {fN};
263	attoNewton= {aN};
264
265	lbf = {N*4.448221};
266	tonnef = {9.8* N/kg * 1 * t};
267	kgf = {9.8N/kg 1 * kg};
268
269	(* pressure *)
270
271	Pa = {kg/m/s^2};
272	pascal = {Pa};
273	kPa = {1e3*Pa};
274	bar = {1e5*Pa};
275	mbar = {1e2*Pa};
276	MPa = {1e6*Pa};
277	GPa = {1e9*Pa};
278
279	atm = {Pa*101325.0};
280	mmHg = {133.322*Pa};
281	torr = {133.322*Pa};
282	psia = {6894.733*Pa};
283	psi = {psia};
284	ftH2O = {2989*Pa};
285
286	(* energy *)
287
288	J = {kg*m^2/s^2};
289	joule = {J};
290	nJ= {J*1.0e-9};
291	uJ= {J*1.0e-6};
292	mJ= {J*1.0e-3};
293	kJ = {J * 1000};
294	MJ = {J * 1e6};
295	GJ = {J * 1e9};
296	TJ = {J * 1e12};
297	PJ = {J * 1e15};
298	milliJoule= {mJ};
299	microJoule= {uJ};
300	nanoJoule= {nJ};
301	erg = {J*1.0e-7};
302
303	BTU = {1055.056*J};
304	btu = {BTU}; (* this is the way it's written in most textbooks *)
305	pCu = {BTU * 1.8};
306	cal = {J*4.18393};
307	calorie = {cal};
308	kcal= {1000*cal};
309	Cal= {1000*cal};
310
311	(* power *)
312
313	W = {J/s};
314	EW = {exa*W};
315	PW = {peta*W};
316	TW = {tera*W};
317	GW = {giga*W};
318	MW = {mega*W};
319	kW = {kilo*W};
320	mW = {milli*W};
321	uW = {micro*W};
322	nW = {nano*W};
323	pW = {pico*W};
324	fW = {femto*W};
325	aW = {atto*W};
326	terawatt = {TW};
327	gigawatt = {GW};
328	megawatt = {MW};
329	kilowatt = {kW};
330	watt = {W};
331	milliwatt = {mW};
332	microwatt = {uW};
333	nanowatt = {nW};
334	picowatt = {pW};
335	femtowatt = {fW};
336	attowatt = {aW};
337	aWW= {1EW}; ( <geekjoke>we could say Art has a lot of power</geekjoke> *)
338
339	Wh = {W*h};
340	kWh = {kW*h};
341
342	hp= {7.456998e+2*W};
343
344	(* absolute viscosity *)
345
346	poise = {Pa*s/10};
347	cP = {poise/100};
348
349	(* electric charge *)
350
351	C = {A*s};
352	coulomb = {C};
353	coul = {C};
354	mC = {0.001*C};
355	uC = {1e-6*C};
356	nC = {1e-9*C};
357	pC = {1e-12*C};
358
359	(* misc electro-magnetic fun *)
360
361	V = {kg*m^2/s^3/A};
362	F = {A^2*s^4/kg/m^2};
363	ohm = {kg*m^2/s^3/A^2};
364	mho = {A^2*s^3/kg/m^2};
365	S = {mho};
366	siemens = {S};
367	ampere = {A};
368	amp = {A};
369	volt = {V};
370	farad= {F};
371	mA= {A/1000};
372	uA= {A/1000000};
373	kV= {1000*V};
374	MV= {1e6*V};
375	mV= {V/1000};
376	mF = {0.001*F};
377	uF = {1e-6*F};
378	nF = {1e-9*F};
379	pF = {1e-12*F};
380	kohm = {1000*ohm};
381	Mohm = {1e6*ohm};
382	kS = {1000*S};
383	mS = {0.001*S};
384	uS = {1e-6*S};
385	Wb = {V*second};
386	weber = {Wb};
387	tesla = {Wb/m^2};
388	gauss = {1e-4*tesla};
389	H = {Wb/A};
390	henry = {H};
391	mH = {milli*H};
392	uH = {1e-6*H};
393
394	(*
395	* numeric constants of some interest
396	* to set a variable or constant to these, the code is (in the declarations)
397	* ATOM constant REFINES real; END constant;
398	* MODEL gizmo;
399	* x IS_A constant;
400	* x := 1 {PI};
401	* ...
402	*)
403	molecule = {1.0};
404	PI= {3.1415926535897932385}; (* Circumference/Diameter ratio *)
405	EULER_C = {0.57721566490153286}; (* euler gamma *)
406	GOLDEN_C = {1.618033988749894}; (* golden ratio *)
407	HBAR = {1.055e-34Js}; (* Reduced planck's constant *)
408	PLANCK_C = {2PIHBAR}; (* Planck's constant *)
409	LIGHT_C = {2.99793e8 * m/s}; (* Speed of light in vacuum *)
410	MU0 = {4e-7PIkgm/C/C}; ( Permeability of free space *)
411	EPSILON0 = {1/LIGHT_C/LIGHT_C/MU0}; (* Permittivity of free space *)
412	BOLTZMAN_C = {1.3805e-23 * J/K}; (* Boltzman's constant *)
413	SIGMA_C = {5.670e-8 * W/m^2/K^4 }; (* Stefan-Boltzmann constant
414	- blackbody radiation *)
415	AVOGADRO_C = {6.022045e23 molecule/mol};( Avogadro's number of molecules *)
416	GRAVITY_C = {6.673e-11 * Nmm/kg/kg}; (* Newtons gravitational constant *)
417	GAS_C = {BOLTZMAN_CAVOGADRO_C}; ( Gas constant *)
418	INFINITY= {1.0e38}; (* damn big number *)
419	LIM_EXP= {709.78}; (* ln ( maxdouble ) *)
420	LIM_CUBE= {5.6438030941223618e101}; (* cbrt ( maxdouble ) *)
421	LIM_SQR= {1.0e154}; (* sqrt(maxdouble) *)
422
423	(* The following were swiped from C <math.h> *)
424	M_E= {2.7182818284590452354E0}; (* base e *)
425	M_LOG2E= {1.4426950408889634074E0}; (* log2(e) *)
426	M_LOG10E= {4.3429448190325182765E-1}; (* log10(e) *)
427	M_LN2= {6.9314718055994530942E-1}; (* ln(2) *)
428	M_LN10= {2.3025850929940456840E0}; (* ln(10) *)
429	M_PI= {3.1415926535897932385E0}; (* as PI, but for consistency *)
430	M_PI_2= {1.5707963267948966192E0}; (* PI/2 *)
431	M_PI_4= {7.8539816339744830962E-1}; (* PI/4 *)
432	M_1_PI= {3.1830988618379067154E-1}; (* 1/PI *)
433	M_2_PI= {6.3661977236758134308E-1}; (* 2/PI *)
434	M_2_SQRTPI= {1.1283791670955125739E0}; (* 2/sqrt(PI) *)
435	M_SQRT2= {1.4142135623730950488E0}; (* sqrt(2) *)
436	M_SQRT1_2= {7.0710678118654752440E-1}; (* 1/sqrt(2) *)
437
438	eCHARGE = {1.602e-19C}; ( Charge of an electron *)
439	EARTH_G = {9.80665 * m/s/s}; (* Earth's gravitational field, somewhere *)
440	eMASS = {9.1095e-31kg}; ( Electron rest mass, I suppose *)
441	pMASS = {1.67265e-27kg}; ( Proton mass *)
442
443	(* constant based conversions *)
444
445	eV = {eCHARGE * V};
446	keV = {1000*eV};
447	MeV = {1e6*eV};
448	GeV = {1e9*eV};
449	TeV = {1e12*eV};
450	PeV = {1e15*eV};
451	EeV = {1e18*eV};
452
453	lyr = {LIGHT_C * yr}; (* Light-year *)
454
455	oersted = {gauss/MU0};
456
457	(* plane angle measures *)
458
459	radian = {rad};
460	deg = {rad*1.74532925199433e-2};
461	degrees = {deg};
462	grad = {0.9*deg};
463	arcmin = {deg/60.0};
464	arcsec = {arcmin/60.0};
465	rot = {2 * PI * rad};
466	RPM = {rot/minute};
467
468	(* solid angle measures *)
469
470	steradian = {sr};
471	srad = {sr};
472
473	(* light quantities *)
474
475	candela = {cd};
476	lm = {cd*sr};
477	lumen = {lm};
478	lx = {lm/m^2};
479	lux= {lx};
480
481	(* misc rates *)
482
483	gpm = {gallon/min};
484
485	(* conversion factor to US (Fisher-Rosemount) valve constants to SI unit
486	equivalent. see Appendix 3 of P Thomas 'Simulation of Industrial Processes for
487	Control Engineers, 1999, ISBN 0750641614 *)
488	VALVE_COEFF_US = {2.3837e-5mm};
489
490	(* time variant conversions *)
491
492	MINIMUMWAGE = {5.15USD/h}; ( Dec 2005, see http://www.dol.gov/ *)
493	(*
494	* conversions we'd like to see , but probably won't
495	* milliHelen = {beauty/ship};
496	* Helen = {documentation/project};
497	* who's helen?
498	* AscendWorldDomination = {big/estimate};
499	*)
500	END UNITS;