trunk/models/measures.a4l

(*  ASCEND modelling environment
	Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Carnegie Mellon University
	Copyright (C) 1994-1997 Carnegie Mellon University
	Copyright (C) 1990 Thomas Guthrie Epperly

	The ASCEND Modeling Library is free software; you can redistribute
	it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
	License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
	version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	
	The ASCEND Modeling Library is distributed in hope that it
	will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
	warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
	See the GNU General Public License for more details.
	
	You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
	along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software
	Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
 *)
PROVIDE "measures.a4l";
(*
	This provides common unit definitions. The user may write additional
	files of unit definitions particular to their problem or site.

	This is a file defining the conversion factors ASCEND will recognize when
	it sees them as {units}. Note that the assignment "x := 0.5 {100}" yields
	x == 50, and that there are no 'offset conversions', e.g. "F=9/5C+32".

	Please keep unit names to 20 characters or less as this makes life pretty.
	This is not a hard limit however.
	
	All ASCEND units are built up from base units for each dimension of
	measurement. The base units are mostly the Systeme Internationale base
	units, with a few additional ones to aid with legibility/checkability.

	Unit      Dim code   Dimension              Source
	kg        M          mass                   SI
	mol       Q          amount of substance    SI
	s         T          time                   SI
	m         L          length                 SI
	K         TMP        temperature            SI
	USD       C          currency               non SI
	A         E          electric current       SI
	cd        LUM        luminous intensity     SI
	rad       P          plane angle            SI suggested
	sr        S          solid angle            SI suggested

	Units for currency are selected arbitrarily to be USD, for US dollars,
	being the dominant international currency at this time.
	
	Original author: Tom Epperly, 1990.
	Contributors: Ben Allan, John Pye.
*)

UNITS

(* distance *)

meter = {m};
pc = {3.08374e+16*m};
parsec = {pc};
kpc = {1000*pc};
Mpc = {1e6*pc};
km = {m*1000};
m = {m};
dm = {m/10};
cm = {m/100};
mm = {m/1000};
um = {m/1000000};
nm = {1.e-9*m};
kilometer = {km};
centimeter = {cm};
millimeter = {mm};
micron = {um};
nanometer = {nm};
angstrom = {m/1e10};
fermi = {m/1e15};

mi = {1609.344*m};
yd = {0.914412*m};
ft = {0.304804*m};
inch = {0.0254*m};
mile = {mi};
yard = {yd};
feet = {ft};
foot = {ft};
in = {inch};

(* mass *)

kilogram = {kg};
g = {kg/1000};
gram = {g};
mg = {g/1000};
milligram = {mg};
ug= {kilogram*1e-9};
microgram= {ug};
ng= {kilogram*1e-12};
nanogram= {ng};
pg= {kilogram*1e-15};
picogram= {pg};

tonne = {kilogram *1000}; (* reference on tonne: http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html *)
t = {tonne};
kilotonne = {tonne*1000};
kt = {kilotonne};
megatonne = {tonne*1e6};
Mt = {megatonne};
gigatonne = {tonne*1e9};
Gt = {gigatonne};

amu = {1.661e-27*kilogram};
lbm = {4.535924e-1*kilogram};
ton = {lbm*2000};
oz = {0.028349525*kilogram};
slug = {14.5939*kilogram};

(*  time *)

second = {s};
yr = {31557600*s};
wk = {604800*s};
d = {86400*s};
h = {3600*s};
min = {60*s};
sec = {s};
ms = {s/1000};
us = {s/1e6};
ns = {s/1e9};
ps = {s/1e12};
year = {yr};
week = {wk};
day = {d};
hour = {h};
hr={h};
minute = {min};
millisecond = {ms};
microsecond = {us};
nanosecond = {ns};
picosecond = {ps};

(*  molecular quantities *)

mole = {mol};
kg_mole= {1000*mol};
g_mole = {mol};
gm_mole = {mol};
kmol = {1000*mol};
mol = {mol};
mmol = {mol/1000};
millimole= {mmol};
umol = {mol/1e6};
micromole= {umol};
lb_mole = {4.535924e+2*mol};

 (* temperature *)

Kelvin = {K};
R = {5*K/9};
Rankine = {R};

(*  money *)

(* PLEASE USE ISO 4127 CURRENCY CODES FOR ALL MONEY UNITS *)
currency = {USD};
CR = {USD};
credits= {USD};
(* the following two are historic and should not be used in future *)
USdollar = {USD};
US = {USD};

(* currencies according to yahoo.com, as at 11 Sep 2006 *)
AUD = {0.752400*USD};
GBP = {1.865000*USD};
EUR = {1.266499*USD};
JPY = {0.00856091*USD};

(*  reciprocal time (frequency) *)

rev = {1.0};
cycle = {rev};
rpm = {rev/minute};
rps = {rev/second};
hertz = {cycle/second};
Hz = {hertz};

(*  area *)

ha = {m^2*10000};
hectare= {ha};
acre= {m^2*4046.856};

(*  volume *)

L = {m^3/1000};
l = {L};
litre = {L};
liter = {L};
mL = {L/1000};
ml = {L/1000};
ul = {L/1e6};
uL = {L/1e6};
milliliter = {ml};
millilitre = {mL};
microliter = {ul};
microlitre = {uL};

hogshead= {2.384809e-1*m^3};
cuft = {0.02831698*m^3};
impgal = {4.52837e-3*m^3};
gal = {3.785412e-3*m^3};
barrel = {42.0*gal};
gallon = {gal};
quart = {gal/4};
pint = {gal/8};
cup = {gal/16};
floz = {gal/128};

(*  force *)

N = {kg*m/s^2};
newton = {N};
dyne = {N*1.0e-5};
EN = {1e18*N};
PN = {1e15*N};
TN = {1e12*N};
GN = {1e9*N};
MN = {1e6*N};
kN = {1000*N};
mN= {N*1e-3};
uN= {N*1e-6};
nN= {N*1e-9};
pN= {N*1e-12};
fN= {N*1e-15};
aN= {N*1e-18};
milliNewton= {mN};
microNewton= {uN};
nanoNewton= {nN};
picoNewton= {pN};
femtoNewton= {fN};
attoNewton= {aN};

lbf = {N*4.448221};
tonnef = {9.8* N/kg * 1 * t};
kgf = {9.8*N/kg * 1 * kg};

(* pressure *)

Pa = {kg/m/s^2};
pascal = {Pa};
kPa = {1e3*Pa};
bar = {1e5*Pa};
mbar = {1e2*Pa};
MPa = {1e6*Pa};
GPa = {1e9*Pa};

atm = {Pa*101325.0};
mmHg = {133.322*Pa};
torr = {133.322*Pa};
psia = {6894.733*Pa};
psi = {psia};
ftH2O = {2989*Pa};

(* energy *)

J = {kg*m^2/s^2};
joule = {J};
nJ= {J*1.0e-9};
uJ= {J*1.0e-6};
mJ= {J*1.0e-3};
kJ = {J * 1000};
MJ = {J * 1e6};
GJ = {J * 1e9};
TJ = {J * 1e12};
PJ = {J * 1e15};
milliJoule= {mJ};
microJoule= {uJ};
nanoJoule= {nJ};
erg = {J*1.0e-7};

BTU = {1055.056*J};
btu = {BTU}; (* this is the way it's written in most textbooks *)
pCu = {BTU * 1.8};
cal = {J*4.18393};
calorie = {cal};
kcal= {1000*cal};
Cal= {1000*cal};

(* power *)

W = {J/s};
EW = {1.0e+18*W};
PW = {1.0e+15*W};
TW = {1.0e+12*W};
GW = {1.0e+9*W};
MW = {1.0e+6*W};
kW = {1000*W};
mW = {W/1e3};
uW = {W/1e6};
nW = {W/1e9};
pW = {W/1e12};
fW = {W/1e15};
aW = {W/1e18};
terawatt = {TW};
gigawatt = {GW};
megawatt = {MW};
kilowatt = {kW};
watt = {W};
milliwatt = {mW};
microwatt = {uW};
nanowatt = {nW};
picowatt = {pW};
femtowatt = {fW};
attowatt = {aW};
aWW= {1*EW}; (* <geekjok>we could say art has a lot of power</geekjoke> *)

Wh = {W*h};
kWh = {kW*h};

hp= {7.456998e+2*W};

(* absolute viscosity *)

poise = {Pa*s/10};
cP = {poise/100};

(* electric charge *)

C = {A*s};
coulomb = {C};
coul = {C};
mC = {0.001*C};
uC = {1e-6*C};
nC = {1e-9*C};
pC = {1e-12*C};

(* misc electro-magnetic fun *)

V = {kg*m^2/s^3/A};
F = {A^2*s^4/kg/m^2};
ohm = {kg*m^2/s^3/A^2};
mho = {A^2*s^3/kg/m^2};
S = {mho};
siemens = {S};
ampere = {A};
amp = {A};
volt = {V};
farad= {F};
mA= {A/1000};
uA= {A/1000000};
kV= {1000*V};
MV= {1e6*V};
mV= {V/1000};
mF = {0.001*F};
uF = {1e-6*F};
nF = {1e-9*F};
pF = {1e-12*F};
kohm = {1000*ohm};
Mohm = {1e6*ohm};
kS = {1000*S};
mS = {0.001*S};
uS = {1e-6*S};
Wb = {V*second};
weber = {Wb};
tesla = {Wb/m^2};
gauss = {1e-4*tesla};
H = {Wb/A};
henry = {H};
mH = {0.001*H};
uH = {1e-6*H};

(*
* numeric constants of some interest
* to set a variable or constant to these, the code is (in the declarations)
* ATOM constant REFINES real; END constant;
* MODEL gizmo;
* x IS_A constant;
* x := 1 {PI};
* ...
*)
molecule = {1.0};
PI= {3.1415926535897932385};              (* Circumference/Diameter ratio *)
EULER_C = {0.57721566490153286};          (* euler gamma *)
GOLDEN_C = {1.618033988749894};           (* golden ratio *)
HBAR = {1.055e-34*J*s};              (* Reduced planck's constant *)
PLANCK_C = {2*PI*HBAR};                   (* Planck's constant *)
LIGHT_C = {2.99793e8 * m/s};     (* Speed of light in vacuum *)
MU0 = {4e-7*PI*kg*m/C/C};                 (* Permeability of free space *)
EPSILON0 = {1/LIGHT_C/LIGHT_C/MU0};       (* Permittivity of free space *)
BOLTZMAN_C = {1.3805e-23 * J/K};          (* Boltzman's constant *)
SIGMA_C = {5.670e-8 * W/m^2/K^4 };        (* Stefan-Boltzmann constant
											 - blackbody radiation *)
AVOGADRO_C = {6.022045e23 *molecule/mol};(* Avogadro's number of molecules *)
GRAVITY_C = {6.673e-11 * N*m*m/kg/kg};    (* Newtons gravitational constant *)
GAS_C = {BOLTZMAN_C*AVOGADRO_C};          (* Gas constant *)
INFINITY= {1.0e38};                       (* damn big number *)
LIM_EXP= {709.78};                        (* ln ( maxdouble ) *)
LIM_CUBE= {5.6438030941223618e101};       (*  cbrt ( maxdouble ) *)
LIM_SQR= {1.0e154};                       (*  sqrt(maxdouble) *)

(* The following were swiped from C <math.h> *)
M_E=         {2.7182818284590452354E0};   (*  base e *)
M_LOG2E=     {1.4426950408889634074E0};   (*  log2(e) *)
M_LOG10E=    {4.3429448190325182765E-1};  (*  log10(e) *)
M_LN2=       {6.9314718055994530942E-1};  (*  ln(2) *)
M_LN10=      {2.3025850929940456840E0};   (*  ln(10) *)
M_PI=        {3.1415926535897932385E0};   (*  as PI, but for consistency *)
M_PI_2=      {1.5707963267948966192E0};   (*  PI/2 *)
M_PI_4=      {7.8539816339744830962E-1};  (*  PI/4 *)
M_1_PI=      {3.1830988618379067154E-1};  (*  1/PI   *)
M_2_PI=      {6.3661977236758134308E-1};  (*  2/PI *)
M_2_SQRTPI=  {1.1283791670955125739E0};   (*  2/sqrt(PI) *)
M_SQRT2=     {1.4142135623730950488E0};   (*  sqrt(2) *)
M_SQRT1_2=   {7.0710678118654752440E-1};  (*  1/sqrt(2) *)

eCHARGE = {1.602e-19*C};         (* Charge of an electron *)
EARTH_G = {9.80665 * m/s/s};   (* Earth's gravitational field, somewhere *)
eMASS = {9.1095e-31*kg};   (* Electron rest mass, I suppose *)
pMASS = {1.67265e-27*kg};  (* Proton mass *)

(* constant based conversions *)

eV = {eCHARGE * V};
keV = {1000*eV};
MeV = {1e6*eV};
GeV = {1e9*eV};
TeV = {1e12*eV};
PeV = {1e15*eV};
EeV = {1e18*eV};

lyr = {LIGHT_C * yr};               (*      Light-year *)

oersted = {gauss/MU0};

(* subtly dimensionless measures *)

radian = {rad};

steradian = {sr};
srad = {sr};
deg = {rad*1.74532925199433e-2};
degrees = {deg};
grad = {0.9*deg};
arcmin = {deg/60.0};
arcsec = {arcmin/60.0};

(* light quantities *)

candela = {cd};
lm = {cd*sr};
lumen = {lm};
lx = {lm/m^2};
lux= {lx};

(* misc rates *)

gpm = {gallon/min};

(* time variant conversions *)

MINIMUMWAGE = {5.15*USD/h}; (* Dec 2005, see http://www.dol.gov/ *)
(*
* conversions we'd like to see , but probably won't
* milliHelen = {beauty/ship};
* Helen = {documentation/project};
* who's helen?
* AscendWorldDomination = {big/estimate};
*)
END UNITS;
1	(* ASCEND modelling environment
2	Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Carnegie Mellon University
3	Copyright (C) 1994-1997 Carnegie Mellon University
4	Copyright (C) 1990 Thomas Guthrie Epperly
5
6	The ASCEND Modeling Library is free software; you can redistribute
7	it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
8	License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
9	version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
10
11	The ASCEND Modeling Library is distributed in hope that it
12	will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
13	warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
14	See the GNU General Public License for more details.
15
16	You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17	along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software
18	Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
19	*)
20	PROVIDE "measures.a4l";
21	(*
22	This provides common unit definitions. The user may write additional
23	files of unit definitions particular to their problem or site.
24
25	This is a file defining the conversion factors ASCEND will recognize when
26	it sees them as {units}. Note that the assignment "x := 0.5 {100}" yields
27	x == 50, and that there are no 'offset conversions', e.g. "F=9/5C+32".
28
29	Please keep unit names to 20 characters or less as this makes life pretty.
30	This is not a hard limit however.
31
32	All ASCEND units are built up from base units for each dimension of
33	measurement. The base units are mostly the Systeme Internationale base
34	units, with a few additional ones to aid with legibility/checkability.
35
36	Unit Dim code Dimension Source
37	kg M mass SI
38	mol Q amount of substance SI
39	s T time SI
40	m L length SI
41	K TMP temperature SI
42	USD C currency non SI
43	A E electric current SI
44	cd LUM luminous intensity SI
45	rad P plane angle SI suggested
46	sr S solid angle SI suggested
47
48	Units for currency are selected arbitrarily to be USD, for US dollars,
49	being the dominant international currency at this time.
50
51	Original author: Tom Epperly, 1990.
52	Contributors: Ben Allan, John Pye.
53	*)
54
55	UNITS
56
57	(* distance *)
58
59	meter = {m};
60	pc = {3.08374e+16*m};
61	parsec = {pc};
62	kpc = {1000*pc};
63	Mpc = {1e6*pc};
64	km = {m*1000};
65	m = {m};
66	dm = {m/10};
67	cm = {m/100};
68	mm = {m/1000};
69	um = {m/1000000};
70	nm = {1.e-9*m};
71	kilometer = {km};
72	centimeter = {cm};
73	millimeter = {mm};
74	micron = {um};
75	nanometer = {nm};
76	angstrom = {m/1e10};
77	fermi = {m/1e15};
78
79	mi = {1609.344*m};
80	yd = {0.914412*m};
81	ft = {0.304804*m};
82	inch = {0.0254*m};
83	mile = {mi};
84	yard = {yd};
85	feet = {ft};
86	foot = {ft};
87	in = {inch};
88
89	(* mass *)
90
91	kilogram = {kg};
92	g = {kg/1000};
93	gram = {g};
94	mg = {g/1000};
95	milligram = {mg};
96	ug= {kilogram*1e-9};
97	microgram= {ug};
98	ng= {kilogram*1e-12};
99	nanogram= {ng};
100	pg= {kilogram*1e-15};
101	picogram= {pg};
102
103	tonne = {kilogram 1000}; ( reference on tonne: http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html *)
104	t = {tonne};
105	kilotonne = {tonne*1000};
106	kt = {kilotonne};
107	megatonne = {tonne*1e6};
108	Mt = {megatonne};
109	gigatonne = {tonne*1e9};
110	Gt = {gigatonne};
111
112	amu = {1.661e-27*kilogram};
113	lbm = {4.535924e-1*kilogram};
114	ton = {lbm*2000};
115	oz = {0.028349525*kilogram};
116	slug = {14.5939*kilogram};
117
118	(* time *)
119
120	second = {s};
121	yr = {31557600*s};
122	wk = {604800*s};
123	d = {86400*s};
124	h = {3600*s};
125	min = {60*s};
126	sec = {s};
127	ms = {s/1000};
128	us = {s/1e6};
129	ns = {s/1e9};
130	ps = {s/1e12};
131	year = {yr};
132	week = {wk};
133	day = {d};
134	hour = {h};
135	hr={h};
136	minute = {min};
137	millisecond = {ms};
138	microsecond = {us};
139	nanosecond = {ns};
140	picosecond = {ps};
141
142	(* molecular quantities *)
143
144	mole = {mol};
145	kg_mole= {1000*mol};
146	g_mole = {mol};
147	gm_mole = {mol};
148	kmol = {1000*mol};
149	mol = {mol};
150	mmol = {mol/1000};
151	millimole= {mmol};
152	umol = {mol/1e6};
153	micromole= {umol};
154	lb_mole = {4.535924e+2*mol};
155
156	(* temperature *)
157
158	Kelvin = {K};
159	R = {5*K/9};
160	Rankine = {R};
161
162	(* money *)
163
164	(* PLEASE USE ISO 4127 CURRENCY CODES FOR ALL MONEY UNITS *)
165	currency = {USD};
166	CR = {USD};
167	credits= {USD};
168	(* the following two are historic and should not be used in future *)
169	USdollar = {USD};
170	US = {USD};
171
172	(* currencies according to yahoo.com, as at 11 Sep 2006 *)
173	AUD = {0.752400*USD};
174	GBP = {1.865000*USD};
175	EUR = {1.266499*USD};
176	JPY = {0.00856091*USD};
177
178	(* reciprocal time (frequency) *)
179
180	rev = {1.0};
181	cycle = {rev};
182	rpm = {rev/minute};
183	rps = {rev/second};
184	hertz = {cycle/second};
185	Hz = {hertz};
186
187	(* area *)
188
189	ha = {m^2*10000};
190	hectare= {ha};
191	acre= {m^2*4046.856};
192
193	(* volume *)
194
195	L = {m^3/1000};
196	l = {L};
197	litre = {L};
198	liter = {L};
199	mL = {L/1000};
200	ml = {L/1000};
201	ul = {L/1e6};
202	uL = {L/1e6};
203	milliliter = {ml};
204	millilitre = {mL};
205	microliter = {ul};
206	microlitre = {uL};
207
208	hogshead= {2.384809e-1*m^3};
209	cuft = {0.02831698*m^3};
210	impgal = {4.52837e-3*m^3};
211	gal = {3.785412e-3*m^3};
212	barrel = {42.0*gal};
213	gallon = {gal};
214	quart = {gal/4};
215	pint = {gal/8};
216	cup = {gal/16};
217	floz = {gal/128};
218
219	(* force *)
220
221	N = {kg*m/s^2};
222	newton = {N};
223	dyne = {N*1.0e-5};
224	EN = {1e18*N};
225	PN = {1e15*N};
226	TN = {1e12*N};
227	GN = {1e9*N};
228	MN = {1e6*N};
229	kN = {1000*N};
230	mN= {N*1e-3};
231	uN= {N*1e-6};
232	nN= {N*1e-9};
233	pN= {N*1e-12};
234	fN= {N*1e-15};
235	aN= {N*1e-18};
236	milliNewton= {mN};
237	microNewton= {uN};
238	nanoNewton= {nN};
239	picoNewton= {pN};
240	femtoNewton= {fN};
241	attoNewton= {aN};
242
243	lbf = {N*4.448221};
244	tonnef = {9.8* N/kg * 1 * t};
245	kgf = {9.8N/kg 1 * kg};
246
247	(* pressure *)
248
249	Pa = {kg/m/s^2};
250	pascal = {Pa};
251	kPa = {1e3*Pa};
252	bar = {1e5*Pa};
253	mbar = {1e2*Pa};
254	MPa = {1e6*Pa};
255	GPa = {1e9*Pa};
256
257	atm = {Pa*101325.0};
258	mmHg = {133.322*Pa};
259	torr = {133.322*Pa};
260	psia = {6894.733*Pa};
261	psi = {psia};
262	ftH2O = {2989*Pa};
263
264	(* energy *)
265
266	J = {kg*m^2/s^2};
267	joule = {J};
268	nJ= {J*1.0e-9};
269	uJ= {J*1.0e-6};
270	mJ= {J*1.0e-3};
271	kJ = {J * 1000};
272	MJ = {J * 1e6};
273	GJ = {J * 1e9};
274	TJ = {J * 1e12};
275	PJ = {J * 1e15};
276	milliJoule= {mJ};
277	microJoule= {uJ};
278	nanoJoule= {nJ};
279	erg = {J*1.0e-7};
280
281	BTU = {1055.056*J};
282	btu = {BTU}; (* this is the way it's written in most textbooks *)
283	pCu = {BTU * 1.8};
284	cal = {J*4.18393};
285	calorie = {cal};
286	kcal= {1000*cal};
287	Cal= {1000*cal};
288
289	(* power *)
290
291	W = {J/s};
292	EW = {1.0e+18*W};
293	PW = {1.0e+15*W};
294	TW = {1.0e+12*W};
295	GW = {1.0e+9*W};
296	MW = {1.0e+6*W};
297	kW = {1000*W};
298	mW = {W/1e3};
299	uW = {W/1e6};
300	nW = {W/1e9};
301	pW = {W/1e12};
302	fW = {W/1e15};
303	aW = {W/1e18};
304	terawatt = {TW};
305	gigawatt = {GW};
306	megawatt = {MW};
307	kilowatt = {kW};
308	watt = {W};
309	milliwatt = {mW};
310	microwatt = {uW};
311	nanowatt = {nW};
312	picowatt = {pW};
313	femtowatt = {fW};
314	attowatt = {aW};
315	aWW= {1EW}; ( <geekjok>we could say art has a lot of power</geekjoke> *)
316
317	Wh = {W*h};
318	kWh = {kW*h};
319
320	hp= {7.456998e+2*W};
321
322	(* absolute viscosity *)
323
324	poise = {Pa*s/10};
325	cP = {poise/100};
326
327	(* electric charge *)
328
329	C = {A*s};
330	coulomb = {C};
331	coul = {C};
332	mC = {0.001*C};
333	uC = {1e-6*C};
334	nC = {1e-9*C};
335	pC = {1e-12*C};
336
337	(* misc electro-magnetic fun *)
338
339	V = {kg*m^2/s^3/A};
340	F = {A^2*s^4/kg/m^2};
341	ohm = {kg*m^2/s^3/A^2};
342	mho = {A^2*s^3/kg/m^2};
343	S = {mho};
344	siemens = {S};
345	ampere = {A};
346	amp = {A};
347	volt = {V};
348	farad= {F};
349	mA= {A/1000};
350	uA= {A/1000000};
351	kV= {1000*V};
352	MV= {1e6*V};
353	mV= {V/1000};
354	mF = {0.001*F};
355	uF = {1e-6*F};
356	nF = {1e-9*F};
357	pF = {1e-12*F};
358	kohm = {1000*ohm};
359	Mohm = {1e6*ohm};
360	kS = {1000*S};
361	mS = {0.001*S};
362	uS = {1e-6*S};
363	Wb = {V*second};
364	weber = {Wb};
365	tesla = {Wb/m^2};
366	gauss = {1e-4*tesla};
367	H = {Wb/A};
368	henry = {H};
369	mH = {0.001*H};
370	uH = {1e-6*H};
371
372	(*
373	* numeric constants of some interest
374	* to set a variable or constant to these, the code is (in the declarations)
375	* ATOM constant REFINES real; END constant;
376	* MODEL gizmo;
377	* x IS_A constant;
378	* x := 1 {PI};
379	* ...
380	*)
381	molecule = {1.0};
382	PI= {3.1415926535897932385}; (* Circumference/Diameter ratio *)
383	EULER_C = {0.57721566490153286}; (* euler gamma *)
384	GOLDEN_C = {1.618033988749894}; (* golden ratio *)
385	HBAR = {1.055e-34Js}; (* Reduced planck's constant *)
386	PLANCK_C = {2PIHBAR}; (* Planck's constant *)
387	LIGHT_C = {2.99793e8 * m/s}; (* Speed of light in vacuum *)
388	MU0 = {4e-7PIkgm/C/C}; ( Permeability of free space *)
389	EPSILON0 = {1/LIGHT_C/LIGHT_C/MU0}; (* Permittivity of free space *)
390	BOLTZMAN_C = {1.3805e-23 * J/K}; (* Boltzman's constant *)
391	SIGMA_C = {5.670e-8 * W/m^2/K^4 }; (* Stefan-Boltzmann constant
392	- blackbody radiation *)
393	AVOGADRO_C = {6.022045e23 molecule/mol};( Avogadro's number of molecules *)
394	GRAVITY_C = {6.673e-11 * Nmm/kg/kg}; (* Newtons gravitational constant *)
395	GAS_C = {BOLTZMAN_CAVOGADRO_C}; ( Gas constant *)
396	INFINITY= {1.0e38}; (* damn big number *)
397	LIM_EXP= {709.78}; (* ln ( maxdouble ) *)
398	LIM_CUBE= {5.6438030941223618e101}; (* cbrt ( maxdouble ) *)
399	LIM_SQR= {1.0e154}; (* sqrt(maxdouble) *)
400
401	(* The following were swiped from C <math.h> *)
402	M_E= {2.7182818284590452354E0}; (* base e *)
403	M_LOG2E= {1.4426950408889634074E0}; (* log2(e) *)
404	M_LOG10E= {4.3429448190325182765E-1}; (* log10(e) *)
405	M_LN2= {6.9314718055994530942E-1}; (* ln(2) *)
406	M_LN10= {2.3025850929940456840E0}; (* ln(10) *)
407	M_PI= {3.1415926535897932385E0}; (* as PI, but for consistency *)
408	M_PI_2= {1.5707963267948966192E0}; (* PI/2 *)
409	M_PI_4= {7.8539816339744830962E-1}; (* PI/4 *)
410	M_1_PI= {3.1830988618379067154E-1}; (* 1/PI *)
411	M_2_PI= {6.3661977236758134308E-1}; (* 2/PI *)
412	M_2_SQRTPI= {1.1283791670955125739E0}; (* 2/sqrt(PI) *)
413	M_SQRT2= {1.4142135623730950488E0}; (* sqrt(2) *)
414	M_SQRT1_2= {7.0710678118654752440E-1}; (* 1/sqrt(2) *)
415
416	eCHARGE = {1.602e-19C}; ( Charge of an electron *)
417	EARTH_G = {9.80665 * m/s/s}; (* Earth's gravitational field, somewhere *)
418	eMASS = {9.1095e-31kg}; ( Electron rest mass, I suppose *)
419	pMASS = {1.67265e-27kg}; ( Proton mass *)
420
421	(* constant based conversions *)
422
423	eV = {eCHARGE * V};
424	keV = {1000*eV};
425	MeV = {1e6*eV};
426	GeV = {1e9*eV};
427	TeV = {1e12*eV};
428	PeV = {1e15*eV};
429	EeV = {1e18*eV};
430
431	lyr = {LIGHT_C * yr}; (* Light-year *)
432
433	oersted = {gauss/MU0};
434
435	(* subtly dimensionless measures *)
436
437	radian = {rad};
438
439	steradian = {sr};
440	srad = {sr};
441	deg = {rad*1.74532925199433e-2};
442	degrees = {deg};
443	grad = {0.9*deg};
444	arcmin = {deg/60.0};
445	arcsec = {arcmin/60.0};
446
447	(* light quantities *)
448
449	candela = {cd};
450	lm = {cd*sr};
451	lumen = {lm};
452	lx = {lm/m^2};
453	lux= {lx};
454
455	(* misc rates *)
456
457	gpm = {gallon/min};
458
459	(* time variant conversions *)
460
461	MINIMUMWAGE = {5.15USD/h}; ( Dec 2005, see http://www.dol.gov/ *)
462	(*
463	* conversions we'd like to see , but probably won't
464	* milliHelen = {beauty/ship};
465	* Helen = {documentation/project};
466	* who's helen?
467	* AscendWorldDomination = {big/estimate};
468	*)
469	END UNITS;