trunk/models/measures.a4l

PROVIDE "measures.a4l";

(*
 *  measures.a4l
 *  by Tom Epperly and Ben Allan
 *  Part of the ASCEND Library
 *  $Date: 1998/08/17 13:07:04 $
 *  $Revision: 1.5 $
 *  $Author: ballan $
 *  $Source: /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ascend/Repository/models/measures.a4l,v $
 *
 *  This file is part of the ASCEND Modeling Library.
 *
 *  This provides common unit definitions. The user may write additional
 *  files of unit definitions particular to their problem or site.
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1997 Carnegie Mellon University.
 *
 *  The ASCEND Modeling Library is free software; you can redistribute
 *  it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
 *  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 *  version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  The ASCEND Modeling Library is distributed in hope that it will be
 *  useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
 *  warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *  Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.  Check
 *  the file named COPYING.
 *)

(*
 * Units input file
 * by Tom Epperly
 * Copyright(C) 1990 Thomas Guthrie Epperly
 * Copyright(C) 1994-1997 Carnegie Mellon University
 *
 * This is a file defining the conversion factors ASCEND will recognize when
 * it sees them as {units). Note that the assignment x:= 0.5 {100};; yields
 *   x == 50, and that there are no 'offset conversions,' e.g. F=9/5C+32;
 * Added money which isn't really time 3-94 BAA
 * Expanded, including some of Karl's units, constants. 4-94 BAA
 * Updated with supplementary SI dimensions and less ambiguous mole dim. jz/baa
 *
 * Please keep unit names to 20 characters or less as this makes life pretty.
 * This is not a hard limit however.
 *
 * The root system units in SI MKS system are set in the C code to:
 * unitname  DIMENSION
 * define kilogram   M;        internal mass unit SI
 * define mole       Q;        internal quantity unit SI
 * define second     T;        internal time unit SI
 * define meter      L;        internal length unit SI
 * define Kelvin     TMP;      internal temperature unit SI
 * define currency   C;        internal currency unit
 * define ampere     E;        internal electric current unit SI suggested
 * define candela    LUM;      internal luminous intensity unit SI
 * define radian     P;        internal plane angle unit SI suggested
 * define steradian  S;        internal solid angle unit SI suggested
 *)

UNITS

(* distance *)

pc = {3.08374e+16*meter};
parsec = {pc};
kpc = {1000*pc};
Mpc = {1e6*pc};
km = {meter*1000};
m = {meter};
dm = {meter/10};
cm = {meter/100};
mm = {meter/1000};
um = {meter/1000000};
nm = {1.e-9*meter};
kilometer = {km};
centimeter = {cm};
millimeter = {mm};
micron = {um};
nanometer = {nm};
angstrom = {m/1e10};
fermi = {m/1e15};

mi = {1609.344*meter};
yd = {0.914412*meter};
ft = {0.304804*meter};
inch = {0.0254*meter};
mile = {mi};
yard = {yd};
feet = {ft};
foot = {ft};
in = {inch};

(* mass *)

kg = {kilogram};
g = {kilogram/1000};
gram = {g};
mg = {g/1000};
milligram = {mg};
ug= {kilogram*1e-9};
microgram= {ug};
ng= {kilogram*1e-12};
nanogram= {ng};
pg= {kilogram*1e-15};
picogram= {pg};

tonne = {kilogram *1000}; (* reference on tonne: http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html *)
t = {tonne};
kilotonne = {tonne*1000};
kt = {kilotonne};
megatonne = {tonne*1e6};
Mt = {megatonne};
gigatonne = {tonne*1e9};
Gt = {gigatonne};

amu = {1.661e-27*kilogram};
lbm = {4.535924e-1*kilogram};
ton = {lbm*2000};
oz = {0.028349525*kilogram};
slug = {14.5939*kilogram};

(*  time *)

yr = {31557600*second};
wk = {604800*second};
dy = {86400*second};
hr = {3600*second};
min = {60*second};
sec = {second};
s = {second};
ms = {second/1000};
us = {second/1e6};
ns = {second/1e9};
ps = {second/1e12};
year = {yr};
week = {wk};
day = {dy};
hour = {hr};
minute = {min};
millisecond = {ms};
microsecond = {us};
nanosecond = {ns};
picosecond = {ps};

(*  molecular quantities *)

kg_mole= {1000*mole};
g_mole = {mole};
gm_mole = {mole};
kmol = {1000*mole};
mol = {mole};
mmol = {mole/1000};
millimole= {mmol};
umol = {mole/1e6};
micromole= {umol};
lb_mole = {4.535924e+2*mole};

 (* temperature *)

K = {Kelvin};
R = {5*Kelvin/9};
Rankine = {R};

(*  money *)

(* PLEASE USE ISO 4127 CURRENCY CODES FOR ALL MONEY UNITS *)
USD = {currency};
CR = {currency};
credits= {currency};
(* the following two are historic and should not be used in future *)
USdollar = {currency};
US = {currency};

(*  reciprocal time (frequency) *)

rev = {1.0};
cycle = {rev};
rpm = {rev/minute};
rps = {rev/second};
hertz = {cycle/second};
Hz = {hertz};

(*  area *)

ha = {meter^2*10000};
hectare= {ha};
acre= {meter^2*4046.856};

(*  volume *)

L = {meter^3/1000};
l = {L};
litre = {L};
liter = {L};
mL = {L/1000};
ml = {L/1000};
ul = {L/1e6};
uL = {L/1e6};
milliliter = {ml};
millilitre = {mL};
microliter = {ul};
microlitre = {uL};

hogshead= {2.384809e-1*meter^3};
cuft = {0.02831698*meter^3};
impgal = {4.52837e-3*meter^3};
gal = {3.785412e-3*meter^3};
barrel = {42.0*gal};
gallon = {gal};
quart = {gal/4};
pint = {gal/8};
cup = {gal/16};
floz = {gal/128};

(*  force *)

N = {kilogram*meter/second^2};
newton = {N};
dyne = {N*1.0e-5};
EN = {1e18*N};
PN = {1e15*N};
TN = {1e12*N};
GN = {1e9*N};
MN = {1e6*N};
kN = {1000*N};
mN= {N*1e-3};
uN= {N*1e-6};
nN= {N*1e-9};
pN= {N*1e-12};
fN= {N*1e-15};
aN= {N*1e-18};
milliNewton= {mN};
microNewton= {uN};
nanoNewton= {nN};
picoNewton= {pN};
femtoNewton= {fN};
attoNewton= {aN};

lbf = {N*4.448221};

(* pressure *)

Pa = {kilogram/meter/second^2};
MPa = {1.0e+6*Pa};
bar = {1.0e+5*Pa};
kPa = {1000*Pa};
pascal = {Pa};

atm = {Pa*101325.0};
mmHg = {133.322*Pa};
torr = {133.322*Pa};
psia = {6894.733*Pa};
psi = {psia};
ftH2O = {2989*Pa};

(* energy *)

J = {kilogram*meter^2/second^2};
joule = {J};
MJ = {J * 1000000};
kJ = {J * 1000};
mJ= {J*1.0e-3};
uJ= {J*1.0e-6};
nJ= {J*1.0e-9};
milliJoule= {mJ};
microJoule= {uJ};
nanoJoule= {nJ};
erg = {J*1.0e-7};

BTU = {1055.056*J};
pCu = {BTU * 1.8};
cal = {J*4.18393};
calorie = {cal};
kcal= {1000*calorie};
Cal= {1000*calorie};

(* power *)

W = {J/second};
EW = {1.0e+18*W};
PW = {1.0e+15*W};
TW = {1.0e+12*W};
GW = {1.0e+9*W};
MW = {1.0e+6*W};
kW = {1000*W};
mW = {W/1e3};
uW = {W/1e6};
nW = {W/1e9};
pW = {W/1e12};
fW = {W/1e15};
aW = {W/1e18};
terawatt = {TW};
gigawatt = {GW};
megawatt = {MW};
kilowatt = {kW};
watt = {W};
milliwatt = {mW};
microwatt = {uW};
nanowatt = {nW};
picowatt = {pW};
femtowatt = {fW};
attowatt = {aW};
 aWW= {1*EW}; (* we could say art has a lot of power *)

hp= {7.456998e+2*W};

(* absolute viscosity *)

poise = {Pa*s/10};
cP = {poise/100};

(* electric charge *)

coulomb= {ampere*second};
C = {coulomb};
coul = {coulomb};
mC = {0.001*C};
uC = {1e-6*C};
nC = {1e-9*C};
pC = {1e-12*C};

(* misc electro-magnetic fun *)

V = {kilogram*meter^2/second^3/ampere};
F = {ampere^2*second^4/kilogram/meter^2};
ohm = {kilogram*meter^2/second^3/ampere^2};
mho = {ampere^2*second^3/kilogram/meter^2};
S = {mho};
siemens = {S};
A= {ampere};
amp = {ampere};
volt = {V};
farad= {F};
mA= {A/1000};
uA= {A/1000000};
kV= {1000*V};
MV= {1e6*V};
mV= {V/1000};
mF = {0.001*F};
uF = {1e-6*F};
nF = {1e-9*F};
pF = {1e-12*F};
kohm = {1000*ohm};
Mohm = {1e6*ohm};
kS = {1000*S};
mS = {0.001*S};
uS = {1e-6*S};
Wb = {V*second};
weber = {Wb};
tesla = {Wb/m^2};
gauss = {1e-4*tesla};
H = {Wb/A};
henry = {H};
mH = {0.001*H};
uH = {1e-6*H};

(*
* numeric constants of some interest
* to set a variable or constant to these, the code is (in the declarations)
* ATOM constant REFINES real; END constant;
* MODEL gizmo;
* x IS_A constant;
* x := 1 {PI};
* ...
*)
molecule = {1.0};
PI= {3.1415926535897932385};              (* Circumference/Diameter ratio *)
EULER_C = {0.57721566490153286};          (* euler gamma *)
GOLDEN_C = {1.618033988749894};           (* golden ratio *)
HBAR = {1.055e-34*J*second};              (* Reduced planck's constant *)
PLANCK_C = {2*PI*HBAR};                   (* Planck's constant *)
LIGHT_C = {2.99793e8 * meter/second};     (* Speed of light in vacuum *)
MU0 = {4e-7*PI*kg*m/C/C};                 (* Permeability of free space *)
EPSILON0 = {1/LIGHT_C/LIGHT_C/MU0};       (* Permittivity of free space *)
BOLTZMAN_C = {1.3805e-23 * J/K};          (* Boltzman's constant *)
SIGMA_C = {5.670e-8 * W/m^2*K^4 };        (* Stefan-Boltzmann constant
											 - blackbody radiation *)
AVOGADRO_C = {6.022045e23 *molecule/mole};(* Avogadro's number of molecules *)
GRAVITY_C = {6.673e-11 * N*m*m/kg/kg};    (* Newtons gravitational constant *)
GAS_C = {BOLTZMAN_C*AVOGADRO_C};          (* Gas constant *)
INFINITY= {1.0e38};                       (* damn big number *)
LIM_EXP= {709.78};                        (* ln ( maxdouble ) *)
LIM_CUBE= {5.6438030941223618e101};       (*  cbrt ( maxdouble ) *)
LIM_SQR= {1.0e154};                       (*  sqrt(maxdouble) *)

(* The following were swiped from C <math.h> *)
M_E=         {2.7182818284590452354E0};   (*  base e *)
M_LOG2E=     {1.4426950408889634074E0};   (*  log2(e) *)
M_LOG10E=    {4.3429448190325182765E-1};  (*  log10(e) *)
M_LN2=       {6.9314718055994530942E-1};  (*  ln(2) *)
M_LN10=      {2.3025850929940456840E0};   (*  ln(10) *)
M_PI=        {3.1415926535897932385E0};   (*  as PI, but for consistency *)
M_PI_2=      {1.5707963267948966192E0};   (*  PI/2 *)
M_PI_4=      {7.8539816339744830962E-1};  (*  PI/4 *)
M_1_PI=      {3.1830988618379067154E-1};  (*  1/PI   *)
M_2_PI=      {6.3661977236758134308E-1};  (*  2/PI *)
M_2_SQRTPI=  {1.1283791670955125739E0};   (*  2/sqrt(PI) *)
M_SQRT2=     {1.4142135623730950488E0};   (*  sqrt(2) *)
M_SQRT1_2=   {7.0710678118654752440E-1};  (*  1/sqrt(2) *)

eCHARGE = {1.602e-19*C};         (* Charge of an electron *)
EARTH_G = {9.80665 * m/s/s};   (* Earth's gravitational field, somewhere *)
eMASS = {9.1095e-31*kilogram};   (* Electron rest mass, I suppose *)
pMASS = {1.67265e-27*kilogram};  (* Proton mass *)

(* constant based conversions *)

eV = {eCHARGE * V};
keV = {1000*eV};
MeV = {1e6*eV};
GeV = {1e9*eV};
TeV = {1e12*eV};
PeV = {1e15*eV};
EeV = {1e18*eV};

lyr = {LIGHT_C * yr};               (*      Light-year *)

oersted = {gauss/MU0};

(* subtly dimensionless measures *)

rad = {radian};
srad = {steradian};
deg = {radian*1.74532925199433e-2};
degrees = {deg};
grad = {0.9*deg};
arcmin = {degrees/60.0};
arcsec = {arcmin/60.0};

(* light quantities *)

cd = {candela};
lm = {candela*steradian};
lumen = {lm};
lx = {lm/meter^2};
lux= {lx};

(* misc rates *)

gpm = {gallon/minute};

(* time variant conversions *)

MINIMUMWAGE = {5.15*USD/hr}; (* Dec 2005, see http://www.dol.gov/ *)
(*
* conversions we'd like to see , but probably won't
* milliHelen = {beauty/ship};
* Helen = {documentation/project};
*)
END UNITS;
1	PROVIDE "measures.a4l";
2
3	(*
4	* measures.a4l
5	* by Tom Epperly and Ben Allan
6	* Part of the ASCEND Library
7	* $Date: 1998/08/17 13:07:04 $
8	* $Revision: 1.5 $
9	* $Author: ballan $
10	* $Source: /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/ascend/Repository/models/measures.a4l,v $
11	*
12	* This file is part of the ASCEND Modeling Library.
13	*
14	* This provides common unit definitions. The user may write additional
15	* files of unit definitions particular to their problem or site.
16	*
17	* Copyright (C) 1997 Carnegie Mellon University.
18	*
19	* The ASCEND Modeling Library is free software; you can redistribute
20	* it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
21	* License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
22	* version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
23	*
24	* The ASCEND Modeling Library is distributed in hope that it will be
25	* useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
26	* warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
27	* See the GNU General Public License for more details.
28	*
29	* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
30	* along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software
31	* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Check
32	* the file named COPYING.
33	*)
34
35	(*
36	* Units input file
37	* by Tom Epperly
38	* Copyright(C) 1990 Thomas Guthrie Epperly
39	* Copyright(C) 1994-1997 Carnegie Mellon University
40	*
41	* This is a file defining the conversion factors ASCEND will recognize when
42	* it sees them as {units). Note that the assignment x:= 0.5 {100};; yields
43	* x == 50, and that there are no 'offset conversions,' e.g. F=9/5C+32;
44	* Added money which isn't really time 3-94 BAA
45	* Expanded, including some of Karl's units, constants. 4-94 BAA
46	* Updated with supplementary SI dimensions and less ambiguous mole dim. jz/baa
47	*
48	* Please keep unit names to 20 characters or less as this makes life pretty.
49	* This is not a hard limit however.
50	*
51	* The root system units in SI MKS system are set in the C code to:
52	* unitname DIMENSION
53	* define kilogram M; internal mass unit SI
54	* define mole Q; internal quantity unit SI
55	* define second T; internal time unit SI
56	* define meter L; internal length unit SI
57	* define Kelvin TMP; internal temperature unit SI
58	* define currency C; internal currency unit
59	* define ampere E; internal electric current unit SI suggested
60	* define candela LUM; internal luminous intensity unit SI
61	* define radian P; internal plane angle unit SI suggested
62	* define steradian S; internal solid angle unit SI suggested
63	*)
64
65	UNITS
66
67	(* distance *)
68
69	pc = {3.08374e+16*meter};
70	parsec = {pc};
71	kpc = {1000*pc};
72	Mpc = {1e6*pc};
73	km = {meter*1000};
74	m = {meter};
75	dm = {meter/10};
76	cm = {meter/100};
77	mm = {meter/1000};
78	um = {meter/1000000};
79	nm = {1.e-9*meter};
80	kilometer = {km};
81	centimeter = {cm};
82	millimeter = {mm};
83	micron = {um};
84	nanometer = {nm};
85	angstrom = {m/1e10};
86	fermi = {m/1e15};
87
88	mi = {1609.344*meter};
89	yd = {0.914412*meter};
90	ft = {0.304804*meter};
91	inch = {0.0254*meter};
92	mile = {mi};
93	yard = {yd};
94	feet = {ft};
95	foot = {ft};
96	in = {inch};
97
98	(* mass *)
99
100	kg = {kilogram};
101	g = {kilogram/1000};
102	gram = {g};
103	mg = {g/1000};
104	milligram = {mg};
105	ug= {kilogram*1e-9};
106	microgram= {ug};
107	ng= {kilogram*1e-12};
108	nanogram= {ng};
109	pg= {kilogram*1e-15};
110	picogram= {pg};
111
112	tonne = {kilogram 1000}; ( reference on tonne: http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html *)
113	t = {tonne};
114	kilotonne = {tonne*1000};
115	kt = {kilotonne};
116	megatonne = {tonne*1e6};
117	Mt = {megatonne};
118	gigatonne = {tonne*1e9};
119	Gt = {gigatonne};
120
121	amu = {1.661e-27*kilogram};
122	lbm = {4.535924e-1*kilogram};
123	ton = {lbm*2000};
124	oz = {0.028349525*kilogram};
125	slug = {14.5939*kilogram};
126
127	(* time *)
128
129	yr = {31557600*second};
130	wk = {604800*second};
131	dy = {86400*second};
132	hr = {3600*second};
133	min = {60*second};
134	sec = {second};
135	s = {second};
136	ms = {second/1000};
137	us = {second/1e6};
138	ns = {second/1e9};
139	ps = {second/1e12};
140	year = {yr};
141	week = {wk};
142	day = {dy};
143	hour = {hr};
144	minute = {min};
145	millisecond = {ms};
146	microsecond = {us};
147	nanosecond = {ns};
148	picosecond = {ps};
149
150	(* molecular quantities *)
151
152	kg_mole= {1000*mole};
153	g_mole = {mole};
154	gm_mole = {mole};
155	kmol = {1000*mole};
156	mol = {mole};
157	mmol = {mole/1000};
158	millimole= {mmol};
159	umol = {mole/1e6};
160	micromole= {umol};
161	lb_mole = {4.535924e+2*mole};
162
163	(* temperature *)
164
165	K = {Kelvin};
166	R = {5*Kelvin/9};
167	Rankine = {R};
168
169	(* money *)
170
171	(* PLEASE USE ISO 4127 CURRENCY CODES FOR ALL MONEY UNITS *)
172	USD = {currency};
173	CR = {currency};
174	credits= {currency};
175	(* the following two are historic and should not be used in future *)
176	USdollar = {currency};
177	US = {currency};
178
179	(* reciprocal time (frequency) *)
180
181	rev = {1.0};
182	cycle = {rev};
183	rpm = {rev/minute};
184	rps = {rev/second};
185	hertz = {cycle/second};
186	Hz = {hertz};
187
188	(* area *)
189
190	ha = {meter^2*10000};
191	hectare= {ha};
192	acre= {meter^2*4046.856};
193
194	(* volume *)
195
196	L = {meter^3/1000};
197	l = {L};
198	litre = {L};
199	liter = {L};
200	mL = {L/1000};
201	ml = {L/1000};
202	ul = {L/1e6};
203	uL = {L/1e6};
204	milliliter = {ml};
205	millilitre = {mL};
206	microliter = {ul};
207	microlitre = {uL};
208
209	hogshead= {2.384809e-1*meter^3};
210	cuft = {0.02831698*meter^3};
211	impgal = {4.52837e-3*meter^3};
212	gal = {3.785412e-3*meter^3};
213	barrel = {42.0*gal};
214	gallon = {gal};
215	quart = {gal/4};
216	pint = {gal/8};
217	cup = {gal/16};
218	floz = {gal/128};
219
220	(* force *)
221
222	N = {kilogram*meter/second^2};
223	newton = {N};
224	dyne = {N*1.0e-5};
225	EN = {1e18*N};
226	PN = {1e15*N};
227	TN = {1e12*N};
228	GN = {1e9*N};
229	MN = {1e6*N};
230	kN = {1000*N};
231	mN= {N*1e-3};
232	uN= {N*1e-6};
233	nN= {N*1e-9};
234	pN= {N*1e-12};
235	fN= {N*1e-15};
236	aN= {N*1e-18};
237	milliNewton= {mN};
238	microNewton= {uN};
239	nanoNewton= {nN};
240	picoNewton= {pN};
241	femtoNewton= {fN};
242	attoNewton= {aN};
243
244	lbf = {N*4.448221};
245
246	(* pressure *)
247
248	Pa = {kilogram/meter/second^2};
249	MPa = {1.0e+6*Pa};
250	bar = {1.0e+5*Pa};
251	kPa = {1000*Pa};
252	pascal = {Pa};
253
254	atm = {Pa*101325.0};
255	mmHg = {133.322*Pa};
256	torr = {133.322*Pa};
257	psia = {6894.733*Pa};
258	psi = {psia};
259	ftH2O = {2989*Pa};
260
261	(* energy *)
262
263	J = {kilogram*meter^2/second^2};
264	joule = {J};
265	MJ = {J * 1000000};
266	kJ = {J * 1000};
267	mJ= {J*1.0e-3};
268	uJ= {J*1.0e-6};
269	nJ= {J*1.0e-9};
270	milliJoule= {mJ};
271	microJoule= {uJ};
272	nanoJoule= {nJ};
273	erg = {J*1.0e-7};
274
275	BTU = {1055.056*J};
276	pCu = {BTU * 1.8};
277	cal = {J*4.18393};
278	calorie = {cal};
279	kcal= {1000*calorie};
280	Cal= {1000*calorie};
281
282	(* power *)
283
284	W = {J/second};
285	EW = {1.0e+18*W};
286	PW = {1.0e+15*W};
287	TW = {1.0e+12*W};
288	GW = {1.0e+9*W};
289	MW = {1.0e+6*W};
290	kW = {1000*W};
291	mW = {W/1e3};
292	uW = {W/1e6};
293	nW = {W/1e9};
294	pW = {W/1e12};
295	fW = {W/1e15};
296	aW = {W/1e18};
297	terawatt = {TW};
298	gigawatt = {GW};
299	megawatt = {MW};
300	kilowatt = {kW};
301	watt = {W};
302	milliwatt = {mW};
303	microwatt = {uW};
304	nanowatt = {nW};
305	picowatt = {pW};
306	femtowatt = {fW};
307	attowatt = {aW};
308	aWW= {1EW}; ( we could say art has a lot of power *)
309
310	hp= {7.456998e+2*W};
311
312	(* absolute viscosity *)
313
314	poise = {Pa*s/10};
315	cP = {poise/100};
316
317	(* electric charge *)
318
319	coulomb= {ampere*second};
320	C = {coulomb};
321	coul = {coulomb};
322	mC = {0.001*C};
323	uC = {1e-6*C};
324	nC = {1e-9*C};
325	pC = {1e-12*C};
326
327	(* misc electro-magnetic fun *)
328
329	V = {kilogram*meter^2/second^3/ampere};
330	F = {ampere^2*second^4/kilogram/meter^2};
331	ohm = {kilogram*meter^2/second^3/ampere^2};
332	mho = {ampere^2*second^3/kilogram/meter^2};
333	S = {mho};
334	siemens = {S};
335	A= {ampere};
336	amp = {ampere};
337	volt = {V};
338	farad= {F};
339	mA= {A/1000};
340	uA= {A/1000000};
341	kV= {1000*V};
342	MV= {1e6*V};
343	mV= {V/1000};
344	mF = {0.001*F};
345	uF = {1e-6*F};
346	nF = {1e-9*F};
347	pF = {1e-12*F};
348	kohm = {1000*ohm};
349	Mohm = {1e6*ohm};
350	kS = {1000*S};
351	mS = {0.001*S};
352	uS = {1e-6*S};
353	Wb = {V*second};
354	weber = {Wb};
355	tesla = {Wb/m^2};
356	gauss = {1e-4*tesla};
357	H = {Wb/A};
358	henry = {H};
359	mH = {0.001*H};
360	uH = {1e-6*H};
361
362	(*
363	* numeric constants of some interest
364	* to set a variable or constant to these, the code is (in the declarations)
365	* ATOM constant REFINES real; END constant;
366	* MODEL gizmo;
367	* x IS_A constant;
368	* x := 1 {PI};
369	* ...
370	*)
371	molecule = {1.0};
372	PI= {3.1415926535897932385}; (* Circumference/Diameter ratio *)
373	EULER_C = {0.57721566490153286}; (* euler gamma *)
374	GOLDEN_C = {1.618033988749894}; (* golden ratio *)
375	HBAR = {1.055e-34Jsecond}; (* Reduced planck's constant *)
376	PLANCK_C = {2PIHBAR}; (* Planck's constant *)
377	LIGHT_C = {2.99793e8 * meter/second}; (* Speed of light in vacuum *)
378	MU0 = {4e-7PIkgm/C/C}; ( Permeability of free space *)
379	EPSILON0 = {1/LIGHT_C/LIGHT_C/MU0}; (* Permittivity of free space *)
380	BOLTZMAN_C = {1.3805e-23 * J/K}; (* Boltzman's constant *)
381	SIGMA_C = {5.670e-8 * W/m^2K^4 }; ( Stefan-Boltzmann constant
382	- blackbody radiation *)
383	AVOGADRO_C = {6.022045e23 molecule/mole};( Avogadro's number of molecules *)
384	GRAVITY_C = {6.673e-11 * Nmm/kg/kg}; (* Newtons gravitational constant *)
385	GAS_C = {BOLTZMAN_CAVOGADRO_C}; ( Gas constant *)
386	INFINITY= {1.0e38}; (* damn big number *)
387	LIM_EXP= {709.78}; (* ln ( maxdouble ) *)
388	LIM_CUBE= {5.6438030941223618e101}; (* cbrt ( maxdouble ) *)
389	LIM_SQR= {1.0e154}; (* sqrt(maxdouble) *)
390
391	(* The following were swiped from C <math.h> *)
392	M_E= {2.7182818284590452354E0}; (* base e *)
393	M_LOG2E= {1.4426950408889634074E0}; (* log2(e) *)
394	M_LOG10E= {4.3429448190325182765E-1}; (* log10(e) *)
395	M_LN2= {6.9314718055994530942E-1}; (* ln(2) *)
396	M_LN10= {2.3025850929940456840E0}; (* ln(10) *)
397	M_PI= {3.1415926535897932385E0}; (* as PI, but for consistency *)
398	M_PI_2= {1.5707963267948966192E0}; (* PI/2 *)
399	M_PI_4= {7.8539816339744830962E-1}; (* PI/4 *)
400	M_1_PI= {3.1830988618379067154E-1}; (* 1/PI *)
401	M_2_PI= {6.3661977236758134308E-1}; (* 2/PI *)
402	M_2_SQRTPI= {1.1283791670955125739E0}; (* 2/sqrt(PI) *)
403	M_SQRT2= {1.4142135623730950488E0}; (* sqrt(2) *)
404	M_SQRT1_2= {7.0710678118654752440E-1}; (* 1/sqrt(2) *)
405
406	eCHARGE = {1.602e-19C}; ( Charge of an electron *)
407	EARTH_G = {9.80665 * m/s/s}; (* Earth's gravitational field, somewhere *)
408	eMASS = {9.1095e-31kilogram}; ( Electron rest mass, I suppose *)
409	pMASS = {1.67265e-27kilogram}; ( Proton mass *)
410
411	(* constant based conversions *)
412
413	eV = {eCHARGE * V};
414	keV = {1000*eV};
415	MeV = {1e6*eV};
416	GeV = {1e9*eV};
417	TeV = {1e12*eV};
418	PeV = {1e15*eV};
419	EeV = {1e18*eV};
420
421	lyr = {LIGHT_C * yr}; (* Light-year *)
422
423	oersted = {gauss/MU0};
424
425	(* subtly dimensionless measures *)
426
427	rad = {radian};
428	srad = {steradian};
429	deg = {radian*1.74532925199433e-2};
430	degrees = {deg};
431	grad = {0.9*deg};
432	arcmin = {degrees/60.0};
433	arcsec = {arcmin/60.0};
434
435	(* light quantities *)
436
437	cd = {candela};
438	lm = {candela*steradian};
439	lumen = {lm};
440	lx = {lm/meter^2};
441	lux= {lx};
442
443	(* misc rates *)
444
445	gpm = {gallon/minute};
446
447	(* time variant conversions *)
448
449	MINIMUMWAGE = {5.15USD/hr}; ( Dec 2005, see http://www.dol.gov/ *)
450	(*
451	* conversions we'd like to see , but probably won't
452	* milliHelen = {beauty/ship};
453	* Helen = {documentation/project};
454	*)
455	END UNITS;