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johnpye |
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#LyX 1.4.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ |
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\begin_document |
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\begin_header |
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\textclass book |
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\language english |
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\tocdepth 3 |
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\defskip medskip |
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\quotes_language english |
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\papersides 1 |
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\paperpagestyle default |
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\tracking_changes false |
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\output_changes true |
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\end_header |
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\begin_body |
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\begin_layout Chapter |
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Defining New Units of Measure |
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cha:units} |
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\end_inset |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Occasionally units of measure are needed that do not come predefined in |
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the ASCEND system. |
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You can define a new unit of measure by defining the conversion factor. |
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In this chapter, we examine how to do this easily for an individual user |
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and on a system-wide basis. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Section |
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\emph on |
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Caveats |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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\begin_inset Marginal |
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status collapsed |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Order matters! |
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\end_layout |
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\end_inset |
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Order matters for defining units of measure in three ways. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Itemize |
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a unit of measure must be defined before it is used anywhere. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Itemize |
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the first definition ASCEND reads for a unit of measure is the only definition |
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ASCEND sees. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Itemize |
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new units can be defined only from already defined units. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Measuring units are absolutely global in the ASCEND environment -- they |
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are not deleted when the Library of types is deleted. |
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Once you define a unit's conversion factor, you are stuck with it until |
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you shut down and restart ASCEND. |
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For any unit conversion definition, only the first conversion factor seen |
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is accepted. |
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Redefinitions of the same unit are ignored. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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\begin_inset Marginal |
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status collapsed |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Multiplicative unit conversions only! |
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\end_layout |
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\end_inset |
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The various units ASCEND uses are all obtained by conversion factors (multiplica |
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tion only) from the SI units. |
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So, for example, temperatures may be in degrees Rankine but not in Fahrenheit. |
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In this chapter we address creating new conversion factors. |
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For handling non- |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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multiplicative conversions (such as the Fahrenheit or Celsius offsets) see |
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Section\InsetSpace ~ |
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \vref{sec:dimeqns.Fahrenheit} |
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\end_inset |
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. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Section |
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Individualised units |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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There are two scenarios for individualized units of measure. |
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One in which you need a measure defined only for a specific model and another |
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in which you want to define a measure that you will use throughout your |
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modeling activities in the future. |
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The syntax for both is the same, but where best to put the UNITS statement |
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differs. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Subsection |
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Units of measure for a specific model |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Units of measure that are used in only one model can be defined at the beginning |
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of the model itself or before the model, but not the units appear in the |
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model definition. |
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Let us suppose you want to measure speed in {furlong/fortnight} in a model. |
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ASCEND does not define |
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\family typewriter |
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furlong |
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\family default |
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, |
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\family typewriter |
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fortnight |
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\family default |
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, or |
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\family typewriter |
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furlong/fortnight |
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\family default |
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. |
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(Interestingly, we have been unable to find standard definitions for them!). |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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MODEL mock_turtle; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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d IS_A distance; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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delta_t IS_A time; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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s IS_A speed |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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s = d/delta_t; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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(* We really should write s * delta_t = d; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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to avoid division by zero. |
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*) |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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UNITS |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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furlong = {3.17*kilometer}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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fortnight = {10*day}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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END UNITS; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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METHODS |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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METHOD default_self; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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d := 1 {furlong}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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t := 5 {hours}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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END default_self; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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(* other standard methods omitted *) |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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END mock_turtle; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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In mock_turtle we define |
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\family typewriter |
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furlong |
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\family default |
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and |
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\family typewriter |
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fortnight |
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\family default |
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conversions |
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\series bold |
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before |
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\series default |
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they are used in the methods and before any equations which use them. |
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Also, notice that, even though ASCEND rejects this model |
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\family typewriter |
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mock_turtle |
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\family default |
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, as it will because of the missing " |
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\family typewriter |
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; |
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\family default |
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" after "speed" in the fourth line, |
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\family typewriter |
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furlong |
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\family default |
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and |
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\family typewriter |
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fortnight |
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\family default |
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still get defined. |
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The |
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\family typewriter |
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UNITS |
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\family default |
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statement can appear in any context and gets processed regardless of any |
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other errors in that context. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Subsection |
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UNITS OF MEASURE FOR ALL YOUR PERSONAL MODELS |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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If you commonly use a set of units that is not in the default ASCEND library |
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\family typewriter |
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measures.a4l |
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\family default |
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, you can create your own personal library of units in the user data directory |
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\family typewriter |
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ascdata |
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\family default |
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. |
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The location of this directory is given by ASCEND at the end of all the |
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start-up spew it prints to the Console window (or xterm under UNIX) as |
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shown below. |
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You will see a path other than |
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\family typewriter |
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/usr0/ballan/ |
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\family default |
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of course. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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----------------------------------- |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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User data directory is /usr0/ballan/ascdata |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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----------------------------------- |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Create the library file |
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\family typewriter |
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myunits.a4l |
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\family default |
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in your |
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\family typewriter |
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ascdata |
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\family default |
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directory. |
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This file should contain a |
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\family typewriter |
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UNITS |
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\family default |
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statement and any comments or |
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\family typewriter |
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NOTES |
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\family default |
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you wish to make. |
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This file should contain any conversions that you change often. |
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For example: |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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UNITS |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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(* Units for Norway, maybe?*) |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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euro = {1*currency}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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(* currency is the fundamental financial unit *) |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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kroner = {0.00314*euro}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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nk = {kroner}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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USdollar = {0.9*euro}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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CANdollar = {0.65*USdollar}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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END UNITS; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Note that this file contains a definition of |
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\family typewriter |
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USdollar |
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\family default |
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different from that given in the standard library |
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\family typewriter |
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measures.a4l |
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\family default |
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. |
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ASCEND will warn you about the conflict. |
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You must load |
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\family typewriter |
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myunits.a4l |
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\family default |
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into ASCEND before |
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\family typewriter |
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atoms.a4l |
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\family default |
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or any of our higher level libraries. |
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You can ensure that this happens by putting the statement |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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REQUIRE "myunits.a4l"; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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on the very first line in all your model definition files. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Section |
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NEW SYSTEM-WIDE UNITS |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Suppose you are maintaining ASCEND on a network of computers with many users. |
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You have a standard set of models stored in a centrally located directory, |
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and you want to define units for use by everyone on the network. |
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In this case, just edit |
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\family typewriter |
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models/measures.a4l |
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\family default |
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, the default units of measure library. |
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ASCEND is an open system. |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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Make the new unit conversion definition statement(s) of the form |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout LyX-Code |
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newunit = {combination of old units}; |
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\end_layout |
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\begin_layout Standard |
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as described in **Section 9.2.** In the file |
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\family typewriter |
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measures.a4l |
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\family default |
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, add your statement(s) anywhere inside the block of definitions that starts |
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with |
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\family typewriter |
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UNITS |
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\family default |
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and ends with |
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\family typewriter |
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END UNITS |
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\family default |
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. |
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The existing definitions are divided up into groups by comment statements. |
459 |
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If your conversion belongs to one of the groups, it is best to put the |
460 |
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conversion in that group. |
461 |
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The groups are given in Table |
462 |
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{tab:units.groupOfUnits} |
463 |
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|
464 |
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\end_inset |
465 |
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|
466 |
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. |
467 |
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\end_layout |
468 |
|
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|
469 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
470 |
|
|
\begin_inset Float table |
471 |
|
|
wide false |
472 |
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sideways false |
473 |
|
|
status open |
474 |
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|
475 |
|
|
\begin_layout Caption |
476 |
|
|
Groups of units in the current measures library |
477 |
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\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{tab:units.groupOfUnits} |
478 |
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|
479 |
|
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\end_inset |
480 |
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|
481 |
|
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|
482 |
|
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\end_layout |
483 |
|
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|
484 |
|
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\begin_layout Standard |
485 |
|
|
\begin_inset Tabular |
486 |
|
|
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="21" columns="1"> |
487 |
|
|
<features> |
488 |
|
|
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0"> |
489 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
490 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
491 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
492 |
|
|
|
493 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
494 |
|
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|
495 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
496 |
|
|
distance |
497 |
|
|
\end_layout |
498 |
|
|
|
499 |
|
|
\end_inset |
500 |
|
|
</cell> |
501 |
|
|
</row> |
502 |
|
|
<row topline="true"> |
503 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
504 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
505 |
|
|
|
506 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
507 |
|
|
|
508 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
509 |
|
|
mass |
510 |
|
|
\end_layout |
511 |
|
|
|
512 |
|
|
\end_inset |
513 |
|
|
</cell> |
514 |
|
|
</row> |
515 |
|
|
<row topline="true"> |
516 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
517 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
518 |
|
|
|
519 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
520 |
|
|
|
521 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
522 |
|
|
time |
523 |
|
|
\end_layout |
524 |
|
|
|
525 |
|
|
\end_inset |
526 |
|
|
</cell> |
527 |
|
|
</row> |
528 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
529 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
530 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
531 |
|
|
|
532 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
533 |
|
|
|
534 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
535 |
|
|
molecular quantities |
536 |
|
|
\end_layout |
537 |
|
|
|
538 |
|
|
\end_inset |
539 |
|
|
</cell> |
540 |
|
|
</row> |
541 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
542 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
543 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
544 |
|
|
|
545 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
546 |
|
|
|
547 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
548 |
|
|
money |
549 |
|
|
\end_layout |
550 |
|
|
|
551 |
|
|
\end_inset |
552 |
|
|
</cell> |
553 |
|
|
</row> |
554 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
555 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
556 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
557 |
|
|
|
558 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
559 |
|
|
|
560 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
561 |
|
|
reciprocal time (frequency) |
562 |
|
|
\end_layout |
563 |
|
|
|
564 |
|
|
\end_inset |
565 |
|
|
</cell> |
566 |
|
|
</row> |
567 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
568 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
569 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
570 |
|
|
|
571 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
572 |
|
|
|
573 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
574 |
|
|
area |
575 |
|
|
\end_layout |
576 |
|
|
|
577 |
|
|
\end_inset |
578 |
|
|
</cell> |
579 |
|
|
</row> |
580 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
581 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
582 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
583 |
|
|
|
584 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
585 |
|
|
|
586 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
587 |
|
|
volume |
588 |
|
|
\end_layout |
589 |
|
|
|
590 |
|
|
\end_inset |
591 |
|
|
</cell> |
592 |
|
|
</row> |
593 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
594 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
595 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
596 |
|
|
|
597 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
598 |
|
|
|
599 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
600 |
|
|
force |
601 |
|
|
\end_layout |
602 |
|
|
|
603 |
|
|
\end_inset |
604 |
|
|
</cell> |
605 |
|
|
</row> |
606 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
607 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
608 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
609 |
|
|
|
610 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
611 |
|
|
|
612 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
613 |
|
|
pressure |
614 |
|
|
\end_layout |
615 |
|
|
|
616 |
|
|
\end_inset |
617 |
|
|
</cell> |
618 |
|
|
</row> |
619 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
620 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
621 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
622 |
|
|
|
623 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
624 |
|
|
|
625 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
626 |
|
|
energy |
627 |
|
|
\end_layout |
628 |
|
|
|
629 |
|
|
\end_inset |
630 |
|
|
</cell> |
631 |
|
|
</row> |
632 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
633 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
634 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
635 |
|
|
|
636 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
637 |
|
|
|
638 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
639 |
|
|
power |
640 |
|
|
\end_layout |
641 |
|
|
|
642 |
|
|
\end_inset |
643 |
|
|
</cell> |
644 |
|
|
</row> |
645 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
646 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
647 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
648 |
|
|
|
649 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
650 |
|
|
|
651 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
652 |
|
|
absolute viscosity |
653 |
|
|
\end_layout |
654 |
|
|
|
655 |
|
|
\end_inset |
656 |
|
|
</cell> |
657 |
|
|
</row> |
658 |
|
|
<row topline="true" endhead="true"> |
659 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
660 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
661 |
|
|
|
662 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
663 |
|
|
|
664 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
665 |
|
|
electric charge |
666 |
|
|
\end_layout |
667 |
|
|
|
668 |
|
|
\end_inset |
669 |
|
|
</cell> |
670 |
|
|
</row> |
671 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
672 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
673 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
674 |
|
|
|
675 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
676 |
|
|
|
677 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
678 |
|
|
miscellaneous electromagnetic |
679 |
|
|
\end_layout |
680 |
|
|
|
681 |
|
|
\end_inset |
682 |
|
|
</cell> |
683 |
|
|
</row> |
684 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
685 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
686 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
687 |
|
|
|
688 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
689 |
|
|
|
690 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
691 |
|
|
swiped from C math.h |
692 |
|
|
\end_layout |
693 |
|
|
|
694 |
|
|
\end_inset |
695 |
|
|
</cell> |
696 |
|
|
</row> |
697 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
698 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
699 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
700 |
|
|
|
701 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
702 |
|
|
|
703 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
704 |
|
|
constant based conversions |
705 |
|
|
\end_layout |
706 |
|
|
|
707 |
|
|
\end_inset |
708 |
|
|
</cell> |
709 |
|
|
</row> |
710 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
711 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
712 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
713 |
|
|
|
714 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
715 |
|
|
|
716 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
717 |
|
|
subtly dimensionless measures |
718 |
|
|
\end_layout |
719 |
|
|
|
720 |
|
|
\end_inset |
721 |
|
|
</cell> |
722 |
|
|
</row> |
723 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
724 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
725 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
726 |
|
|
|
727 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
728 |
|
|
|
729 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
730 |
|
|
light quantities |
731 |
|
|
\end_layout |
732 |
|
|
|
733 |
|
|
\end_inset |
734 |
|
|
</cell> |
735 |
|
|
</row> |
736 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
737 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
738 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
739 |
|
|
|
740 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
741 |
|
|
|
742 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
743 |
|
|
miscellaneous rates |
744 |
|
|
\end_layout |
745 |
|
|
|
746 |
|
|
\end_inset |
747 |
|
|
</cell> |
748 |
|
|
</row> |
749 |
|
|
<row topline="true" bottomline="true"> |
750 |
|
|
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none"> |
751 |
|
|
\begin_inset Text |
752 |
|
|
|
753 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
754 |
|
|
|
755 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
756 |
|
|
time variant conversions |
757 |
|
|
\end_layout |
758 |
|
|
|
759 |
|
|
\end_inset |
760 |
|
|
</cell> |
761 |
|
|
</row> |
762 |
|
|
</lyxtabular> |
763 |
|
|
|
764 |
|
|
\end_inset |
765 |
|
|
|
766 |
|
|
|
767 |
|
|
\end_layout |
768 |
|
|
|
769 |
|
|
\end_inset |
770 |
|
|
|
771 |
|
|
|
772 |
|
|
\end_layout |
773 |
|
|
|
774 |
|
|
\begin_layout Section |
775 |
|
|
Send them in |
776 |
|
|
\end_layout |
777 |
|
|
|
778 |
|
|
\begin_layout Standard |
779 |
|
|
We are always on the lookout for useful unit conversions to add to |
780 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
781 |
|
|
measures.a4l |
782 |
|
|
\family default |
783 |
|
|
. |
784 |
|
|
If you create a |
785 |
|
|
\family typewriter |
786 |
|
|
myunits.a4l |
787 |
|
|
\family default |
788 |
|
|
containing unit conversion definitions of general use (i.e. |
789 |
|
|
not currency exchange rates and other time-varying conversions), please |
790 |
|
|
mail us a copy and include your name in a comment. |
791 |
|
|
Thank you very much. |
792 |
|
|
\end_layout |
793 |
|
|
|
794 |
|
|
\end_body |
795 |
|
|
\end_document |